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MTAP - CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LEC) > CC PART 2 > Flashcards

CC PART 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

introduction of electronics, robotics, and highly advanced
technical methodologies

A

AUTOMATION

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2
Q

Sample processing/ preparation

A

Pre-analytic

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3
Q

Analyte measurement or
chemical analysis

A

Analytic

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4
Q

Data management

A

Post-analytic

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5
Q

● Reagents, diluents and samples are pumped through a system of
continuous tubing

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW

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5
Q

● All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway.
● They automatically pass from one stage to another without waiting to bring the samples to the same stage of completion.

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW

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6
Q

● One sample, one test
● Samples and reagent flow through a system of continuous tubings

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW

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7
Q

Parallel testing: One test at a time

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW

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8
Q

Disadvantage

● Significant carry-over and costly
reagent waste

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW

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9
Q

● Serve as a separating and cleaning media / mechanism

A

Air bubbles - CONTINUOUS FLOW

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10
Q

● Introduced in continuous flow analyzer to minimize diffusion of reagents and mixing between samples

A

Air bubbles - CONTINUOUS FLOW

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11
Q

● As the rotor is accelerated, centrifugal force moves the reagent and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into a cuvette

A

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS

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12
Q

● As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically.

A

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS

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13
Q

● Many samples, one test (Batch
Testings)
● One test (analyte) in batch-type
systems

A

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS

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14
Q

● All samples are loaded at the same time
● Uses centrifugal force to transfer specimens and reagents in cuvettes.

A

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS

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15
Q

● The most versatile approach and with random access stat capability

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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16
Q

● Each sample reactions is handled to a separate compartment and does not
come into contact with another sample

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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17
Q

● The samples and standards are
handled on a batch and must be
brought before proceeding to the next procedure
● All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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18
Q

● Carry-over will not be a problem
● Measures only the tests requested on
a sample

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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19
Q

● Capable of measuring multiple tests (analyte) at one sample at a time
● Each sample and reagent mixture is handled separately in their own reaction container

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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20
Q

● Many test, one sample OR many sample, one test

A

DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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21
Q

● Uses microvolumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis

A

DRY SLIDE / THIN FILE ANALYZERS

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21
Q

● A 16 mm square chip which contains several very thin layer that accepts a metered drop of serum, spreads it evenly into a reagent layer, then confines the colored product to a fixed area for reference spectrophotometry

A

DRY SLIDE / THIN FILE ANALYZERS

22
Q

● No need for reagent preparation

A

DRY SLIDE / THIN FILE ANALYZERS

23
Q

● Kodak Ektachem (Vitros)

A

DRY SLIDE / THIN FILE ANALYZERS

23
Q

What analyzer: Many samples, one test?

A

■ Discrete analyzer
■ Centrifugal analyzer

24
Q

What analyzer has an approach with random access capability?

A

Discrete Analyzer/ Analysis

25
Q

What is a Random Access STAT Capability?

A

Allows stat samples to be prioritized in the middle of testing
other routine samples.

26
Q

What analyzer: Many samples, one test OR many test, one sample?

A

Discrete analyzer

27
Q

What analyzer: SSRIS - Dry Chemistry?

A

Dry Slide / Thin File Analyzer

28
Q

What analyzer: One test, one sample?

A

Continuous flow analyzer

29
Q

What analyzer: Reagent contamination?

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

30
Q

What analyzer: With Air Bubbles?

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

31
Q

TO READ:

FEATURES OF SELECTED HIGH VOLUME CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOASSAY ANALYZER

A
  1. Throughput (tests per hour)
  2. Number of assays onboard simultaneously
  3. Number of open channels
  4. Number of ion selective electrode
  5. Detection/Separation technology
  6. Minimum sample volume aspirated (uL)
    a. The less amount of sample, the better
  7. Dedicated pediatric sample cup/dead volume
  8. Short sample/clot/interference detection
  9. Onboard test automatic inventory
    a. Will tell the remaining reagents left and can be
    refilled in the middle of an on-going test
  10. Remote troubleshooting by modem
32
Q

TO READ:

GOALS OF LABORATORY AUTOMATION

A
  1. Reduction of costs
    a. Less manpower = less expenses of the laboratory
  2. Expansion of laboratory testing to generate more revenue
    a. Send-out samples = less expenses for the laboratory
  3. Reduction In turnaround time
  4. Reduction in laboratory errors (volumetric pipetting steps, calculation of results and transcription of results)
  5. Minimize variation of results from one medtech to another
  6. Improvement in laboratory safety
  7. Increase number of tests performed
  8. Use of very small amounts of samples and reagents
  9. Better space utilization thru consolidation
33
Q

Less manpower =

A

less expenses of the laboratory

34
Q

Send-out samples =

A

less expenses for the laboratory

35
Q

A laboratory that uses different machines but the sections are still divided in the lab

A

Automated Laboratory

36
Q

○ All the machines in the laboratory are connected
○ No more sections
○ The sorting of the specimen is already done by the machines (sorting area)

A

Total Laboratory Automation

37
Q

A laboratory that uses different machines placed side by side connected by a conveyor system

A

Partial Automation

38
Q

○ With conveyor system wherein the tubes are delivered and transported to the different
machines
○ No more manpower (the machine can centri and make aliquots by itself)

A

Total Laboratory Automation

39
Q

The only thing that the medtech will do is to insert the specimen tubes

A

Total Laboratory Automation

40
Q

Usually by barcode reader (sticker)

A

Sample ID

41
Q

Usually communicated by LIS

A

Test Selection

42
Q

Usually by syringes, pumps or
pressurized reagent bottles. Vitros uses dry slides. Some offer reagent inventory

A

Reagent Delivery

43
Q

Mixing and Incubation

A

Chemical Reaction

44
Q

● Visible & UV spectrophotometry, ion-selective electrodes, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence. Most offer
automatic dilution and retesting
when linearity is exceeded

A

Measurements

44
Q

Concentration derived from
calibration curve stored in analyzer

A

Data Handling

45
Q

Usually reported to LIS through
interface

A

Reporting

46
Q

Can be done by modem on many
analyzers

A

Troubleshooting

47
Q

TO READ:

(5) FEATURES OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYZERS

A

● Primary tube cap piercing
● Short sample and clot detection
● Automatic patient sample dilution and retest
● Onboard test automatic inventory
● Remote troubleshooting by modem

48
Q

When should you dilute?

A

When the values do not meet the
reference range (lagpas)

49
Q

Ex. Reference Range = 80-125 mg/dL; Reportable
Range = 30-1000 mg/dL

Patient A = 700 mg/dL

Should you release the result of Px A?

A

Yes, because it is within the reportable range

50
Q

If Px A = 1400 mg/dL

Should you release the result of Px A?

A

Do not release, DILUTE

51
Q

Reduction in laboratory errors

A

volumetric pipetting steps,
calculation of results and transcription of results

MTAP - CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LEC) (8 decks)

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