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Subjects > CC Lesson 3 > Flashcards

CC Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the historical basis of quantifying the concentration of unknown analytes in the clinical chemistry lab

A

Analytical methods

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2
Q

Is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength

A

Energy

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3
Q

Is the distance between two successive peaks, and it is expressed in nanometer (nm)

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

The number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

Frequency

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5
Q

How is wavelength and frequency related?

A

Theyre inversely related. And longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. And a shorter wavelength meant a higher frequency.

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6
Q

The relationship between wavelength and energy is described by

A

Planck’s formula
E (energy) = (6.626x10^-34)(frequency)

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7
Q

Visible spectrum

A

400 - 700 nm

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8
Q

Ultraviolet spectrum

A

<400 nm

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9
Q

Infrared spectrum

A

> 700 nm

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10
Q

Is the measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength

A

Spectrophotometric measurement

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11
Q

The measurement of light intensity using a specific wavelength

A

Photometric measurement

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12
Q

What is the primary analytical utility of spectrophotometry or filter photometry?

A

Isolation of discreet portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement

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13
Q

It involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light absorbing substances in the solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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14
Q

A device that measures the wavelengths of light or the intensity of radiation

A

Spectrometer

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15
Q

Two types of spectrometer

A

Single-beam spectrophotometer
Double-beam spectrophotometer

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16
Q

Spectrophotometer consists of two instruments. What are they?

A

Spectrometer - for producing light of any selected color (wavelength)

Photometer - for measuring the intensity of light

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17
Q

The simplest type of an absorption spectrophotometer

A

Single-beam spectrophotometer

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18
Q

It is designated to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single-beam spetrophotometer

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19
Q

It is an instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components: one beam passes through the sample and the other through a reference solution or blank

A

Double-beam spectrophotometer

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20
Q

Difference between single and double-beam spectrophotometer

A

Single beam spectrophotometer takes one measurement on one specific wavelength at a time, while double beam spectrophotometer splits the monochromatic light into two: one passes through the sample, while the other passes through a reference solution

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21
Q

Six components of a spectrophotometer

A
  1. Stable source of radiant energy
  2. Filter that isolates a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum
  3. Sample holder
  4. Radiation detector
  5. Signal processor
  6. Readout device
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22
Q

It provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest.

A

Light/radiant source

its response to change in light intensity must be linear for accurate absorbance measurements

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23
Q

Factors for choosing a light source

A

Range
spectral distribution wh/in range
the source of radiant production
stability of the radiant energy
temperature

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24
Q

Emits radiation that changes in intensity; widely used in the lab

A

Continuum source

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25
Q

Examples of continuum source

A

Tungsten, deuterium, xenon lamps

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26
Q

Its the commonly used light source in the visible and infrared region

A

Tungsten light bulb

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27
Q

Is routinely used to provide UV radiation in analytical spectrophotometers

A

Deuterium lamp

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28
Q

Produces a continuous source of radiation, which covers both the UV and the visible range

A

Xenon discharge

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29
Q

Emits limited radiation and wavelength.
—- that emit a few discrete lines find wide use in AAS, molecular, and fluorescent spectroscopy

A

Line source

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30
Q

Meaning of the acronym LASER

A

Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation

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31
Q

It minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system

A

Entrance slit

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32
Q

Refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator; it does not originate from the polychromatic light source; it causes absorbance error

A

Stray light

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33
Q

What is the most common cause of loss of linearity at high-analyte concentrations

A

Stray light

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34
Q

It isolates specific or individual wavelength of light. What is this and what are the different types?

A

Monochromator

Prisms
Diffraction gratings
Filters

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35
Q

Wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz, or sodium chloride

A

Prisms

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36
Q

These can be rotated, allowing only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit

A

Prisms

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37
Q

These are made by cutting grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass

A

Diffraction gratings

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38
Q

Most commonly used monochromator with a better resolution than prism

A

Diffraction gratings

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39
Q

These are made by placing semi-transparent silver films on both sides of a dielectric such as magnesium fluoride

A

Filters

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40
Q

They produce monchromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves - light waves enter one side of it and are reflected at the second surface

A

Filters

Filters are simple, least expensive, not precise, but useful monochromators.
They usually pass a wide band of radiant energy and have low transmittance of the selected wavelength.

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41
Q

Examples of line source

A

Mercury and sodium vapor lamps and the hallow cathode lamp

42
Q

It controls the width of the light beam (bandpass); allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette

A

Exit slit

43
Q

It’s the total range of wavelengths transmitted

A

Bandpass

44
Q

It is also called the absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell. It holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured

A

Cuvette

45
Q

Most commonly used cuvette

A

Alumina silica glass

46
Q

Type of cuvette used for measurement of solution requiring visible and ultraviolet spectra

A

Quartz/plastic

47
Q

Silica cuvettes transmit light effectively at what wavelengths

A

≥220 nm

48
Q

Why are you not allowed to leave alkali solutions standing in cuvettes for long periods?

A

Alkali solutions slowly dissolves glass, producing etching

49
Q

It detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy

A

Photodetector

50
Q

It detects the amount of light that passes through the sample cuvette

A

Photodetector

51
Q

Types of photodetector

A

Phototube
Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
Photodiode

52
Q

It displays the output of the detection system

A

Meter or readout device

53
Q

How is an absorbance check performed?

A

It’s performed using glass filters or solutions with a known absorbance values for a specific wavelength

54
Q

Absorption spectroscopy is perferred for solutions with absorbance values of —-

A

Less than 2.0

55
Q

They verify linearity

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

56
Q

It states that the concentration of the unknown substance is directly proportional to the absorbed light and inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light.

A

Beer’ law

Higher concentration, higher absorbed light
Higher concentration, lower transmitted light

57
Q

It mathematically establishes the relationship between concentration and absorbance

A

Beer’s Law

58
Q

It is the amount of light absorbed
It is proportional to the inverse log of transmittance
It is mathematically derived from %T

A

Absorbance

59
Q

It is the ratio of the radiant energy transmitted divided by the radiant energy on the sample

A

Percent Transmittance (%T)

60
Q

It means the blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay.

A

Blanking technique

61
Q

It corrects absorbance caused by the color of the reagents - the absorbance of reagents is automatically subtracted from each of the unknown reading

A

Reagent blank

62
Q

What is the principle of Flame Emission Photometry (FEP)

A

The excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

63
Q

It measures the light emitted by a single atom burned in flame.
It is used in the measurement of excitee ions (sodium and potassium)

A

Flame Emission Photometry

64
Q

It measures the light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat
It is used for measurement of unexcited trace metals (calcium and magnesium)

A

Atomic Absorption Spectophotometry

65
Q

Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Element is not excited, but dissociated from its chemical bond and place in a unionized, unexcited, ground state

66
Q

The unknown sample is made to react with a known solution in the presence of an indicator

A

Volumetric/Titrimetric

67
Q

Example of titrimetric/volumetric

A

Schales and Schales method (chloride test)
EDTA titration method (calcium test)

68
Q

It determines the amount of light blocked (reduction of light) by a particulate matter in a turbid solution

A

Turbidimetry

69
Q

For measuring abundant large particles (proteins) and bacterial suspensions

A

Turbidimetry

70
Q

It determines the amount of scattered light by a particulate matter suspended in a turbid solution

A

Nephelometry

71
Q

It is used for measuring the amount of antigen-antibody complexes (proteins)

A

Nephelometry

72
Q

It determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation

A

Fluorometry

73
Q

It measures the amount of light intensity over a zero background

A

Fluorometry

74
Q

— is the light emission from an excited state, — is the light emission from an excited triplet state

A

Fluorescence
Phosphorescence

75
Q

For the measurement of phosphyrins, magnesium, calcium, and catecholamines

A

Fluorometry

76
Q

This method is best when differentiating two compounds having an excitation reaction at the same wavelength

A

Chemiluminescence

77
Q

Measurement of changes in the colligative properties of solutions that occur owing to variations in particle concentration

A

Osmometry

78
Q

When active osmotic particles are added to a solution,

A

osmolality increases, and four other properties of the solution are also affected

79
Q

Colligative properties of the solution in osmometry

A

Osmotic pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and vapor pressure

80
Q

What reactions occur when osmolality of a solution increases?

A

Osmotic pressure increase, boiling point increases
Freezing point depress, and vapor pressure depress

81
Q

It is the most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties of a solution

A

Freezing-point depression osmometry

82
Q

It is based on the principle that addition of solute molecules lowers the temperature at which a solution freezes

A

Freezing-point depression osmometry

83
Q

What is the principle of electrophoresis

A

Migration of charged particles in an electric field

84
Q

It separates proteins on the basis of their electric charges densities

A

Electrophoresis

85
Q

What happens to proteins during electrophoresis

A

Proteins are negatively charged and move towards the anode

86
Q

Buffer used in electrophoresis

A

Barbital (pH 8.6)

87
Q

Factors affecting rate of migration in electrophoresis

A
  • net electric charge of the molecule
  • size and shape of the molecule
  • electric field strength
  • nature of the supporting medium
  • temperature of operation
88
Q

Factors affecting rate of migration in electrophoresis

A
  • net electric charge of the molecule
  • size and shape of the molecule
  • electric field strength
  • nature of the supporting medium
  • temperature of operation
89
Q

Electrophoresis supporting medias

A

Cellulose acetate - separates by molecular size
Agarose gel -separates by electrical charge; does not bind protein
Polyacrylamide gel - separates on the basis of charge and molecule size; separates proteins into 20 fractions; used to study isoenzymes

90
Q

It determines the components of a sample where the x-axis represents the mass-to-charge ratio, and the y-axis is their relative abundance within the sample

A

Mass spectrophotometry

91
Q

It is based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy

A

Mass spectrophotometry

92
Q

It is basically the study of proteinsbin aid of disease diagnosis

A

Proteomics

93
Q

It identifies potential biomarkers that will assist in the detection of diseases
It involves the characterization of complete set of proteins present in a cell, organ, or organism at a given time
It determines the actual real time condition of the cells

A

Proteomics

94
Q

It determines the concentrations of metabolites with very small sizes in biological samples utilizing separation and mass-to-charge ratio techniques

A

Metabolomics

95
Q

It involves the complehensive study of metabolites and their chemical properties in biofluids

A

Metabolomics

96
Q

It is the separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences in physical-chemical characteristics of the different constituents, with a mobile phase and a stationary phase

A

Chromatography

97
Q

It is used for fractionation of sugar and amino acid

A

Paper chromatography
Sorbent: whatman paper

98
Q

It is a semiquantitative drug screening test.
Sample components are identified by comparison with standards on the same plate

A

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

99
Q

It is used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids.
It is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted to a volatile form
Flame ionization is used as a detector for gas liquid chromatography

A

Gas chromatography

100
Q

Mobile phase of gas chromatography

A

Gases like helium (most commonly used), nitrogen, hydrogen, and argon

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