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Aubf - fecalysis Flashcards

1
Q

The gastrointestinal tract is made up of:

A

Hollow organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Solid organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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2
Q

how many grams of feces is excreted in a 24-hour period?

A

100 to 200 g

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3
Q

intestinal gas

A

flatus

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4
Q

what creates the strong odor associated with feces and intestinal gas?

A

bacterial metabolism

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5
Q

Primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

A

small intestine

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6
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase

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7
Q

a carbohydrate resistant to digestion, it passes through the upper intestine unchanged but are metabolized by bacteria

A

oligosaccharides

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8
Q

Where the digestion of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and fats take place. From mouth to anus

A

alimentary tract

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9
Q

it aids in the digestion of fats

A

bile salts

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10
Q

volume of fluid that enter the digestive tract each day

A

9000 mL

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11
Q

volume of fluid reaches that large intestine

A

500 to 1500 mL

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12
Q

volume of fluid that is excreted in the feces

A

150 mL

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13
Q

The large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately —– of water

A

3000 mL

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14
Q

When the amount of water reaching the large intestine exceeds 3L, it is

A

excreted with the solid fecal material, producing diarrhea.

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15
Q

provides time for additional water to be reabsorbed from the fecal material, producing small hard stools

A

constipation

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16
Q

increase in daily stool weight above 200 g, increased liquidity of stools, and frequency of more than three times per day

A

diarrhea

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17
Q

diarrhea is classified through

A

illness duration, mechanism, severity, and stool characteristics

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18
Q

diarrhea lasting less than 4 weeks

A

acute diarrhea

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19
Q

diarrhea lasting for more than 4 weeks

A

chronic diarrhea

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20
Q

major mechanisms of diarrhea

A

secretory, osmotic, intestinal hypermotility

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21
Q

laboratory tests use to differentiate major mechanism of diarrhea

A

fecal electrolytes, fecal osmolality, stool pH

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22
Q

Normal total fecal osmolality (osmotic gap)

A

290 mOsm/kg

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23
Q

normal fecal sodium (Na)

A

30 mmol/L

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24
Q

normal fecal potassium (K)

A

75 mmol/L

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25
How is osmotic gap calculated?
Osmotic gap = 290 - [ 2 (fecal sodium + fecal potassium)]
26
Fecal pH of 5.6 indicates what
malabsorption of sugars, causing an osmotic diarrhea
27
Osmotic gap more than 50 Osm/kg, what type of diarrhea?
Osmotic diarrhea
28
Stool Na more than 90 mmol/L, what type of diarrhea?
Secretory diarrhea
29
pH less than 5.3, what type of diarrhea?
Osmotic diarrhea
30
what type of diarrhea has positive reducing substances?
Osmotic diarrhea
31
Diarrhea that's caused by increased secretion of water
secretory diarrhea
32
Cause of secretory diarrhea
bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections causing increased secretion of water and electrolytes, and overrides the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine
33
diarrhea that's caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa
osmotic diarrhea
34
cause of osmotic diarrhea
incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food, increasing the fecal material to the large intestine and causing water retention
35
impaired food digestion
maldigestion
36
impaired nutrient absorption
malabsorption
37
describes conditions of enhanced motiliy or slow motility
altered motility
38
enhanced motility
hypermotility
39
slow motility
constipation
40
functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation
irritable bowel syndrome
41
excessive movement of intestinal contents through the GI tract that can cause diarrhea because normal absorption of intestinal contents and nutrients cannot occur
intestinal hypermotility
42
causes of intestinal hypermotility
enteritis use of parasympathetic drugs complications of malabsorption
43
Normal gastric emptying is controlled by
fundic tone, duodenal feedback, and GI hormones
44
describes hypermotility of the stomach and the shortened gastric emptying half-time. Causes the small intestine to fill too quickly with undigested food from the stomach.
Rapid Gastric Emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome
45
RGE is the hallmark of
Early Dumping Syndrome
46
Gastric emptying time of RGE or dumping syndrome
< 35 mins
47
what is the normal gastric emptying time
35 - 100 mins
48
Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue begin 10 to 30 mins following meal ingestion
Early Dumping Syndrome
49
weakness, sweating, and dizziness 2 to 3 hours after a meal
Late Dumping Syndrome
50
Fecal fat
Steatorrhea
51
steatorrhea is useful in diagnosing what?
pancreatic insufficiency and small bowel disorders that cause malabsorption
52
steatorrhea is caused by the absence of what?
bile salts, that assist pancreatic lipase in the breakdown and subsequent reabsorption of dietary fat (primarily triglycerides)
53
steatorrhea is an increase in stool fat that exceed ----g per day
6 grams
54
examples of diseases that decrease the production of pancreatic enzymes
cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma
55
a sugar that does not need to be digested but does need to be absorbed to be present in the urine
D-xylose
56
what does steatorrhea indicate if D-xylose is low?
malabsorption condition
57
normal amount of D-xylose
100 droplets measuring less than 4 micrometer/diameter/hpf
58
slightly increased amount of D-xylose
100 droplets measuring 1 to 8 micrometer
59
increased amount of D-xylose
100 droplets measuring 6 to 75 micrometer
60
type of specimen suitable for qualitative testing for blood and microscopic examination for leukocytes, muscle fibers, and fecal fats
random specimens
61
most representative sample for timed specimen is how many days of collection?
3 days
62
brown feces is caused by
intestinal oxidation of stercobilinogen to urobilin
63
pale (alcoholic stools) caused by
blockage of the bile duct also associated with diagnostic procedures that use barium sulfate
64
Black, dark red, tarry stool is caused by
upper GI bleeding. Degradation of hemoglobin produces the black tarry stool
65
Red stool is caused by
lower GI bleeding. blood requires less time to appear so it retains its original red color
66
green stools caused by
taking oral antibiotics, because of oxidation of fecal bilirubin to biliverdin
67
mucus-coated stools is caused by
intestinal inflammation or irritation
68
blood-streaked mucus is caused by
damage to the intestinal wallls, possibly caused by bacterial or amebic dysentry or malignancy
69
it is performed as a preliminary test to determine what caused the diarrhea
microscopic examination of feces
70
detects fecal leukocytes and remains sensitive in refrigerated and frozen specimens
lactoferrin latex agglutination test
71
a component of granulocyte secondary granules that indicates invasive bacterial pathogen
lactoferrin
72
to produce representative sample for muscle fibers, patients is instructed to eat ---- before collecting the specimen
red meat
73
fecal examination for muscle fibers should be within ---- hours of collection
24
74
enhances muscle fiber striations
emulsifying a small amount of stool in 10% alcoholic eosin
75
striations in only one direction
partially digested fibers
76
no visible striations
digested fibers
77
type of muscle fibers counted under microscope
undigested fibers, have striations visible running both vertically and horizontally
78
lipids include
neutral fats (triglyceride) fatty acid salts fatty acids cholesterol
79
types of stains used in qualitative fecal fats test
sudan III, sudan IV, or oil red O
80
most routinely uses dye in staining for fecal fats
Sudan III
81
staining procedure consists of two parts
neutral fats
82
most frequently performed fecal analysis
fecal occult blood
83
necessary when there is no visible bleeding present despite excess bleeding of 2.5 mL/150 g of stool
fecal occult blood
84
fecal occult blood has a high positive predictive value for detecting what type of disease in the early stages
colorectal cancer
85
recommended by the American Cancer Society for people older than age 50
fecal occult blood
86
what procedure: immunoassay ELISA technique
Fecal elastase-1
87
what procedure: hematocrit centrifuge, gravimetric assay
steatocrit and acid steatocrit
88
most frequently used screening test
guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests
89
based on detecting the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
guaiac-based fecal occult blood
90
guaiac-based fecal occult blood reaction uses the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin reacting with ---- to ----
hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a colorless compound to a colored compound
91
To prevent the presence of dietary pseudoperoxidases in the stool, patients should be instructed what?
to avoid eating red meats, horseradish, melons, raw broccoli, cauliflower, radishes, and turnips for 3 days before specimen collection

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