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Subjects > CC - carbohydrates > Flashcards

CC - carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

three general types of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids

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2
Q

hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the carbon-oxygen functional group

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

Major food source and energy supply for the body or stored primarily in the liver and muscle as glycogen

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle as

A

glycogen

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5
Q

simple sugars that contain four to eight carbons and one one aldehyde or ketone group

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

what are the most common hexose monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

disaccharides

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8
Q

monosaccharides are linked to each other with what type of bond?

A

glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

The chaining of 3 to 10 sugar units

A

oligosaccharides

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10
Q

formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units

A

polysaccharides

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11
Q

what are the most common polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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12
Q

starch is —-based fat

A

plant-based

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13
Q

glycogen is —-based fat

A

animal-based

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14
Q

what should a carbohydrate have to be a reducing substance?

A

an active ketone or aldehyde group

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15
Q

is sucrose a reducing sugar or a nonreducing sugar?

A

nonreducing. Its the most common nonreducing sugar

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16
Q

common reducing sugars are

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose

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17
Q

What is the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate and ATP molecules

A

glycolysis

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18
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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19
Q

pyruvate can be transformed into either lactate or ethanol by a process called

A

fermentation

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20
Q

in aerobic conditions, pyruvate can transform into carbon dioxide and ATP molecules in a process called

A

aerobic cellular respiration

notes: take in oxygen, take out carbon dioxide; related to respiratory system

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21
Q

Polysaccharides are too big, so the body uses —– to break them down

A

proteases

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22
Q

Begins the cleavage of a-1,4-glycosidic linkage in the mouth

A

salivary alpha-amylase

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23
Q

this is released by the pancreas into the small intestine to break carbohydrates down to disaccharides (maltose) and trisaccharides (maltotriose)

A

pancreatic alpha-amylase

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24
Q

this enzyme breaks down maltose into its glucose constituents

A

maltase (brush border)

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25
Q

this digests maltotriose and other glucose-based oligosugars

A

alpha-glucosidase

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26
Q

breaks down limit dextrin units that have a alpha-1,6-linkages

A

alpha-dextrinase

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27
Q

List down proteases

A

Salivary α-Amylase
Pancreatic α-Amylase
Maltase (brush border)
α-Glucosidase (brush border)
α -Dextrinase
Sucrase and Lactase

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

glycolysis

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30
Q

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

glycogenesis

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31
Q

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

decomposition of fat

A

lipolysis

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33
Q

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

lipogenesis

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34
Q

phases of glycolysis

A

preparatory phase: phosphorylation
preparatory phase: splitting
pay off phase

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35
Q

the first irreversible step in glycolysis

A

glucose turned to glucose-6-phosphate
- by enzyme glucokinase or hexokinase
- uses 1ATP

36
Q

what turns G6P to F6P

A

phosphohexose isomerase

37
Q

What enzyme turns F6P to F1,6BP

A

phosphofructokinase 1

38
Q

what is the cofactor catalyst of F6P -> F1,6BP reaction?

A

magnesium

39
Q

Fructose 1-6 Biphosphate is split into

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

40
Q

what enzyme can turn Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to G3P?

A

phosphotriose isomerase

41
Q

what enzyme turned G3P -> 1,3 BPG (1,3-biphosphoglycerine)

A

G3P dehydrogenase

42
Q

What is step 5 of glycolysis?

A

G3P to 1,3 BPG

43
Q

1,3 BPG -> 3PG (3-phosphoglycerate) what enzyme

A

1,3 BPG kinase

44
Q

3PG -> 2PG (2-phosphoglycerate) what enzyme

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

45
Q

2-phosphoglycerate -> PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) what enzyme?

A

enolase

46
Q

PEP to pyruvate by what enzyme

A

pyruvate kinase
(and ATP is created)

47
Q

both an endocrine and exocrine organ in control of carbohydrate metabolism

A

pancreas

48
Q

The primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

insulin

49
Q

insulin is synthesized by

A

beta-cells of the islets of langerhans

50
Q

Hypoglycemic agent

A

insulin

51
Q

Where is insulin stored?

A

liver, fat, and skeletal muscles

52
Q

insulin has a reciprocal relationship with what enzyme

A

glucagon

53
Q

sample requirement for insulin

A

serum

54
Q

reference values of insulin

A

2.6 - 24.9 mcIU/mL

55
Q

primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose

A

glucagon

56
Q

Hyperglycemic agent

A

glucagon

57
Q

glucagon is synthesized by

A

the alpha-cells of the islets of langerhands in the pancreas

58
Q

fasting plasma glucagon

A

25 - 50 pg/mL

59
Q

secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland

A

cortisol

60
Q

they decrease entry of glucose into the cell

A

cortisol

61
Q

this is released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

62
Q

growth hormone is secreted by

A

anterior pituitary gland

63
Q

They promote glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

A

thyroid hormones

64
Q

stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormones

65
Q

somatostatin is secreted in two locations, what are they?

A

pancreas and hypothalamus

66
Q

what pancreas cells produced somatostatin

A

delta cells of the islets of langerhans

67
Q

It is synthesized in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus where it participates in prohibiting the function of somatotropin and thyrotropin

A

somatostatin

68
Q

somatostatin inhibits action of glucagon and growth hormone, true or false?

A

true

69
Q

characterized by an increase in blood glucose concentration

A

hyperglycemia

70
Q

fasting plasma glucose that is an indicator of hyperglycemia

A

> or equal to 126 mg/dL

71
Q

results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production

A

hypoglycemia

72
Q

involves decreased glucose levels

A

hypoglycemia

73
Q

Whipple’s Triad

A

low blood glucose concentration
typical symptoms are seen
and symptoms alleviated by glucose administration

74
Q

what is the plasma glucose levels for hypoglycemia

A

less than 55 mg/dL

75
Q

what kind of test is suggested to observe the hypoglycemic “dip” which is often not seen until after 3 hours

A

5 hour glucose tolerance test

76
Q

this test determines fasting hypoglycemia with blood samples drawn at 2 mins to 2 hours interval

A

tobutamide tolerance test

77
Q

determines reactive hypoglycemia by measuring the response of insulin to a “cocktail meal”

A

mixed-meal tolerance test

78
Q

characterized by a plasma (or serum) glucose concentration low enough to cause symptoms and/or signs including impairment of brain function

A

clinical hypoglycemia

78
Q

symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

neurogenic - tremors, palpitations, anxiety, and diaphoresis
neuroglycopenic - dizziness, tingling, blurred vision, confusion, and behavioral changes

79
Q

the intentional attempt to induce low blood glucose levels

A

factitious hypoglycemia

80
Q

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both

A

diabetes mellitus

81
Q

ketosis develops in Diabetes Mellitus from excessive synthesis of —-

A

acetyl-CoA

82
Q

glucosuria occurs when the plasma glucose level exceeds —- with normal renal function

A

180 mg/dL

83
Q

Lab findings in Diabetes mellitus

A

Increased glucose in plasma and urine
Increased urine specific gravity
Ketones in serum and urine
decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis)
Electrolyte imbalance (decreased sodium and Bicarbonate; increased potassium)
High serum osmolality

84
Q

Former name of diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus
Brittle Diabetes
Ketosis-Prone Diabetes

85
Q

type of diabetes thats the result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

86
Q

absolute insulin deficiency, and what type of disease

A

insulinopenia and type 1 diabetes mellitus

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