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CC - carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

three general types of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids

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2
Q

hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the carbon-oxygen functional group

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

Major food source and energy supply for the body or stored primarily in the liver and muscle as glycogen

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle as

A

glycogen

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5
Q

simple sugars that contain four to eight carbons and one one aldehyde or ketone group

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

what are the most common hexose monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

disaccharides

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8
Q

monosaccharides are linked to each other with what type of bond?

A

glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

The chaining of 3 to 10 sugar units

A

oligosaccharides

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10
Q

formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units

A

polysaccharides

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11
Q

what are the most common polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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12
Q

starch is —-based fat

A

plant-based

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13
Q

glycogen is —-based fat

A

animal-based

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14
Q

what should a carbohydrate have to be a reducing substance?

A

an active ketone or aldehyde group

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15
Q

is sucrose a reducing sugar or a nonreducing sugar?

A

nonreducing. Its the most common nonreducing sugar

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16
Q

common reducing sugars are

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose

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17
Q

What is the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate and ATP molecules

A

glycolysis

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18
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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19
Q

pyruvate can be transformed into either lactate or ethanol by a process called

A

fermentation

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20
Q

in aerobic conditions, pyruvate can transform into carbon dioxide and ATP molecules in a process called

A

aerobic cellular respiration

notes: take in oxygen, take out carbon dioxide; related to respiratory system

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21
Q

Polysaccharides are too big, so the body uses —– to break them down

A

proteases

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22
Q

Begins the cleavage of a-1,4-glycosidic linkage in the mouth

A

salivary alpha-amylase

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23
Q

this is released by the pancreas into the small intestine to break carbohydrates down to disaccharides (maltose) and trisaccharides (maltotriose)

A

pancreatic alpha-amylase

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24
Q

this enzyme breaks down maltose into its glucose constituents

A

maltase (brush border)

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25
this digests maltotriose and other glucose-based oligosugars
alpha-glucosidase
26
breaks down limit dextrin units that have a alpha-1,6-linkages
alpha-dextrinase
27
List down proteases
Salivary α-Amylase Pancreatic α-Amylase Maltase (brush border) α-Glucosidase (brush border) α -Dextrinase Sucrase and Lactase
28
29
metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
glycolysis
30
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
glycogenesis
31
formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
32
decomposition of fat
lipolysis
33
conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
lipogenesis
34
phases of glycolysis
preparatory phase: phosphorylation preparatory phase: splitting pay off phase
35
the first irreversible step in glycolysis
glucose turned to glucose-6-phosphate - by enzyme glucokinase or hexokinase - uses 1ATP
36
what turns G6P to F6P
phosphohexose isomerase
37
What enzyme turns F6P to F1,6BP
phosphofructokinase 1
38
what is the cofactor catalyst of F6P -> F1,6BP reaction?
magnesium
39
Fructose 1-6 Biphosphate is split into
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
40
what enzyme can turn Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to G3P?
phosphotriose isomerase
41
what enzyme turned G3P -> 1,3 BPG (1,3-biphosphoglycerine)
G3P dehydrogenase
42
What is step 5 of glycolysis?
G3P to 1,3 BPG
43
1,3 BPG -> 3PG (3-phosphoglycerate) what enzyme
1,3 BPG kinase
44
3PG -> 2PG (2-phosphoglycerate) what enzyme
phosphoglycerate mutase
45
2-phosphoglycerate -> PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) what enzyme?
enolase
46
PEP to pyruvate by what enzyme
pyruvate kinase (and ATP is created)
47
both an endocrine and exocrine organ in control of carbohydrate metabolism
pancreas
48
The primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell
insulin
49
insulin is synthesized by
beta-cells of the islets of langerhans
50
Hypoglycemic agent
insulin
51
Where is insulin stored?
liver, fat, and skeletal muscles
52
insulin has a reciprocal relationship with what enzyme
glucagon
53
sample requirement for insulin
serum
54
reference values of insulin
2.6 - 24.9 mcIU/mL
55
primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose
glucagon
56
Hyperglycemic agent
glucagon
57
glucagon is synthesized by
the alpha-cells of the islets of langerhands in the pancreas
58
fasting plasma glucagon
25 - 50 pg/mL
59
secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland
cortisol
60
they decrease entry of glucose into the cell
cortisol
61
this is released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
catecholamines
62
growth hormone is secreted by
anterior pituitary gland
63
They promote glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
thyroid hormones
64
stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormones
65
somatostatin is secreted in two locations, what are they?
pancreas and hypothalamus
66
what pancreas cells produced somatostatin
delta cells of the islets of langerhans
67
It is synthesized in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus where it participates in prohibiting the function of somatotropin and thyrotropin
somatostatin
68
somatostatin inhibits action of glucagon and growth hormone, true or false?
true
69
characterized by an increase in blood glucose concentration
hyperglycemia
70
fasting plasma glucose that is an indicator of hyperglycemia
> or equal to 126 mg/dL
71
results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
hypoglycemia
72
involves decreased glucose levels
hypoglycemia
73
Whipple's Triad
low blood glucose concentration typical symptoms are seen and symptoms alleviated by glucose administration
74
what is the plasma glucose levels for hypoglycemia
less than 55 mg/dL
75
what kind of test is suggested to observe the hypoglycemic "dip" which is often not seen until after 3 hours
5 hour glucose tolerance test
76
this test determines fasting hypoglycemia with blood samples drawn at 2 mins to 2 hours interval
tobutamide tolerance test
77
determines reactive hypoglycemia by measuring the response of insulin to a "cocktail meal"
mixed-meal tolerance test
78
characterized by a plasma (or serum) glucose concentration low enough to cause symptoms and/or signs including impairment of brain function
clinical hypoglycemia
78
symptoms of hypoglycemia
neurogenic - tremors, palpitations, anxiety, and diaphoresis neuroglycopenic - dizziness, tingling, blurred vision, confusion, and behavioral changes
79
the intentional attempt to induce low blood glucose levels
factitious hypoglycemia
80
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both
diabetes mellitus
81
ketosis develops in Diabetes Mellitus from excessive synthesis of ----
acetyl-CoA
82
glucosuria occurs when the plasma glucose level exceeds ---- with normal renal function
180 mg/dL
83
Lab findings in Diabetes mellitus
Increased glucose in plasma and urine Increased urine specific gravity Ketones in serum and urine decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis) Electrolyte imbalance (decreased sodium and Bicarbonate; increased potassium) High serum osmolality
84
Former name of diabetes mellitus
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus Brittle Diabetes Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
85
type of diabetes thats the result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
86
absolute insulin deficiency, and what type of disease
insulinopenia and type 1 diabetes mellitus

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