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Cc lec > Cc lec > Flashcards

Cc lec Flashcards

1
Q

studies or tests biochemical by-products and constituents; analytes such as metabolites

A

Clinical chemistry

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2
Q

part of the metabolic process that is needed to test to determine normal levels/ any abnormal levels that can indicate a disease.

A

Biochemical by-products

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3
Q

the substance measured in a test

A

Analyte

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4
Q

Two types of testing:

A

Qulitative
Quantitative

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5
Q

to detect the PRESENCE/ABSENCE of an analyte. (eg. Screening Tests for Drug Testing)

A

Qualitatively

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6
Q

to measure the CONCENTRATION of an analyte. (eg. Confirmatory Tests for Drug Testing)

A

Quantitatively

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7
Q

the fluid collected from the patient that is “NOT YET PROCESSED” (newly collected)

A

Specimen

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8
Q

the fluid collected from the same patient that is “NOW PROCESSED OR CENTRIFUGED”

A

Serum

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9
Q

involves all activities/procedures that are carried
but before the actual analysis or testing activities

A

PRE-ANALYTICAL TESTING

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10
Q

Can affect the following analytes: ▪ Lipids
▪ Calcium ▪ Enzymes ▪ Proteins ▪ Drugs

A

POSTURE

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11
Q

Best time for Collection: MORNING
▪ Pertains to the fluctuation that occurs during daytime

A

Diurnal rhythm

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12
Q

Prior to phlebotomy can affect the following analytes:
Creatinine
Protein
Creatine kinase
Platelets
Wbc
Ast
Ldh
Aldolase
Sex hormones

A

Exercise

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13
Q

Causes an increase in WBC counts, FI, FV, FVIII:c, and FXIII

A

Stress

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14
Q

indicates increase in fatty foods consumption

A

Chylomicrons

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15
Q

(Fasting) to correctly measure the EXOGENOUS source of substances

A

Diet

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16
Q

Can affect false measurements
▪ If sample still cloudy/turbid after fasting,
it indicates a disease (lipid metabolism)
▪ LIPID: 12 hrs strict fasting
▪ FBS/Glucose: 6-8 hrs o If both: 10 hrs.
▪ Over fasting for glucose: false decrease
▪ Under fasting for lipids: false increase
▪ Prolonged Fasting:
o 48 hrs: Bilirubin
o 72 hrs: Plasma glucose 💻 hypoglycemia

A

Cbc test

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17
Q

Prior to phlebotomy can affect the following analytes:

A

Smoking

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18
Q

Increases WBC and cortisol

A

Smoking

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19
Q

Increases Plasma Lactate, Urates, Triglycerides

A

Alcohol or ethanol consumotion

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20
Q

Physiologic Interference

A

In vivo

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21
Q

Peritoneal Fluid

A

Paracentesis

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22
Q

Perxardiocentensis

A

Pericardial fluid

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23
Q

Preferred specimen in urine

A

First morning midtsream ( routine urinalysis)

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24
Q

Tests that require the specimen to be placed in ice water/ cold water

A

Plasma renin
Acid phosphatase
Blood ammonia

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25
Q

SPECIMEN PROCESSING
Three Phases

A

Pre centrifugation
Centrifugation
Post centrfugation

26
Q

Always inspect tube labels and cracks
✓ Make sure that it’s balanced
✓ Make sure that the machine is regularly calibrated
(Tachometer)

A

Pre centrifugation

27
Q

Speed depends on the type of specimen
✓ Identify what speed first.

A

Centrifugation

28
Q

Immediately transfer serum/plasma sample to a sterile tube

A

Post-centrifugation

29
Q

Fundamental process in the preparation of standards, reagents, gravimetric analysis, or calibration of volumetric equipment requiring the use of analytical balances

A

Measurement of Mass

30
Q

Requires the use of glass wares for the determination of the
volume of the liquid reagents, samples or body fluids. o Pyrex (Borosilicate)
▪ Commonly used
▪ High degree of thermal resistance
▪ Low alkali content ▪ Free from heavy metals

A

Measurement of Volume

31
Q

Temperature-dependent reaction, test, or procedures
▪ Enzyme measurements - E.g., as a biocatalyst, it needs to be optimally reacting as to the body temp (37degC)

A

Control of Temperature

32
Q

Performed to remove excess water or solvent in the sample o There is better test for sensitivity because of accurate

A

Evaporation and Specimen Concentration

33
Q

Depends on the measurement of the analytical response curve. o Analytical response curve: used for the determination of
analytical sensitivity
o Analytical Sensitivity: pertains to the smallest possible
concentration of an analyte that can be measured in a test

A

Detection of Analytical Response

34
Q

procedures or activities necessary after the actual measurement or analytical testing

A

POST ANALYTICAL TESTING

35
Q

Software system that records, manages, and stores data for clinical laboratories
→ There is still physical documentation like logbooks, printed our results, etc.

A

Laboratory Information System

36
Q

Specimen: depending on what type
o Blood samples: freezing at -18decC or colder Freezing: can
preserve the biochemical constituents.
o Serum or Plasma: Refrigerator (only for 72hrs) o Urine: Refrigerator (only for 24hrs)
→ Lab Reports: unclaimed results are kept for 2 years
o Transferred to the medical records after 2 yrs

A

Retention of Specimen and Laboratory Reports

37
Q

b. Ultrapure Reagents
→ Suitable for techniques that require extremely pure chemicals
→ Molecular & Reference techniques
→ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
→ Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) - Molecular diagnostics MDx
→ Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

Ultrapore

38
Q

High-performance liquid
chromatography

A

HPLC or chromatographic

39
Q

s used to a certain acceptable purity range of
this reagent

A

Melting point analysis

40
Q

type of organic reagent with some impurities

A

Practical grade

41
Q

a type of organic reagent that approaches the purity level of a reagent grade type with some impurities

A

Chemically pure

42
Q

This type of reagent is spectrally pure

A

Spectroscopic grade

43
Q

The minimum purity level is at 99%
→ The purity level is determined by gas chromatography

A

Chromatographic grade

44
Q

This is the ASC grade type
→ It is certified to contain impurities below certain levels established by ACS

A

Reagent grade

45
Q

Purified by distillation process
→ Distillation process:
✓ There is heating process followed by cooling.
✓ Evaporation followed by condensation
✓ After cooling, the distilled water will be collected in a
separate vessel

A

Disttilled water

46
Q

Water is purified by Ion Exchange Resin
→ It could either be a cation or anion or mixed type
→ Ions are removed from water
→ Removal of Ion
→ Dissolved solids and dissolved gasses are also removed

A

Deionized water

47
Q

It utilizes pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane
→ Applied pressure - membrane - pure water
→ After passing through the membrane, the water will be then
purified
→ This does not remove dissolved gasses

A

Reverse Osmosis (RO) water

48
Q

UV oxidation, sterilization, or ozone treatment
→ Used to destroy pathogens or microorganisms that can
cause bacteria or disease
→ Destroys endotoxins, pyrogens

A

Ultrafiltration and nano filtered water

49
Q

The one that is used in the preparation of reagents
→ Used in reagent grade type (AR, Ultrapure)
→ Prepared by initial filtration, followed by reverse osmosis,
and then Deionization, and finally second filtration using 0.2
mm filter
→ 4 times to purify

A

Reagent grade water

50
Q

For test methods requiring minimum interference
=>
→ Example: Trace Metal Analysis by Flame emission

A

Type I water

51
Q

For analytical preparation
→ Reagent and Standard Preparation
→ Quality Control Preparation

A

Type II water

52
Q

Warming components is necessary for analytical procedures and is accomplished by circulating water/ice baths or heating/cooling metal blocks.
→ Temperature monitoring
→ The temperature can directly affect the performance
of the test and the result of the analysis
3.
2. GLASSWARES
3.
→ Laboratory supplies consisted of some type of glass
✓ Kimax® /Pyrex® (borosilicate): most preferred
✓ Corex® (aluminosilicate)
✓ High silica
✓ Vycor® (acid or alkali resistant)
✓ Low actinic (amber colored)
✓ Flint glass (lime soda)
®: registered trademark
PLASTIC WARE
→ →

A

THERMOMETERS

53
Q

Use of a colored liquid or mercury encased in plastic/glass
material with a bulb at one end of the graduated stem o Not anymore used in the lab or hospital setting

A

Liquid-in-glass

54
Q

Surface thermometer: at the side or top of incubators or
heating ove

A

Liquid in glass

55
Q

Fast reading with millisecond response time
o Usually used in the laboratory to measure room
temperature
o Someforfreezer/refrigeratortemperature(thecordis
inside, with the metal part) o 20-24degC–roomtemp

A

Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe

56
Q

Used to determine and monitor body temperature

A

Digital thermometer

57
Q

Asyntheticaromaticpolymer
o Clear, hard, and brittle, and as a thermoplastic
polymer it is in a solid glassy state
o One of the most widely used plastics
o Great for general sample storage and transport
and is commonly used in lab supplies like test
tubes, microplates, and petri dishes. o Disposablepetridishes

A

Polystyrene

58
Q

Athermoplasticpolymer
o Commonly used to manufacture plastic lab
supplies like beakers, bottles, flasks, test tubes,
and many others.
o Different from polystyrene - Rugged and

A

Polypropylene

59
Q

If high heat resistance opaque appearance

A

Autoclave

60
Q

Used for viscous samples/fluids
o Uses mercury as a calibrating medium
o Proper use requires rinsing of the pipet with the final
solution after content are delivered into the diluent
(rinsing technique)
o Rinsed since the viscous sample might have sticked to the walls
o We use automatic pipettes now. As Hg, is a hazard.

A

According to Design or Calibration Marks

61
Q

The separation of particles in a liquid solution based on
on exposure to air difference in their ability to pass through a membrane
→ Not used in lab today → The micromolecules are separated from the macromolecules
→ Urea is a micromolecule (removed, separated), retained in the BALANCES: blood are protein which is a macromolecule

A

Dialysis

Cc lec (5 decks)

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