CBL - Lab Results (Miscellaneous)

Question 1

What is BUN?

What organ system(s) does it help assess?

Answer 1

Blood urea nitrogen;

the kidneys

Question 2

Blood urea nitrogen is a byproduct of catabolism of what?

Why would it be elevated in cases of renal disease?

Answer 2

Protein, muscle, blood;

the kidneys excrete BUN in the urine

Question 3

Dysfunction of what organ is most likely to result in an elevated BUN level?

Dysfunction of what organ is most likely to result in an decreased BUN level?

Answer 3

The kidneys;

the liver

Question 4

The BUN/creatinine ratio is normally:

Answer 4

20:1

Question 5

What two products of protein catabolism will be elevated in the blood in cases of renal insufficiency?

Answer 5

BUN;

creatinine

Question 6

An elevated creatinine and BUN in a patient would indicate what?

Answer 6

Renal dysfunction

Question 7

What does the enzyme creatine kinase do?

Answer 7

Phosphorlyates creatine

(creating phosphocreatine, a storage form for ATP high-energy bonds)

Question 8

Name the serum substance that is likely to be elevated in all of the following conditions:

dehydration, CHF, GI bleeding, starvation, shock, urinary tract obstruction.

Answer 8

BUN

Question 9

What is the most common infectious agent of UTIs?

Answer 9

E. coli

Question 10

What are hilar markings?

Answer 10

The shadow of the hila seen on chest X-ray

Question 11

What is a potential cause of increased hilar markings/shadow on CXR?

Answer 11

Left-sided CHF

(backing up into the pulmonary circuit)

Question 12

What are normal arterial pO₂ readings?

Answer 12

85 - 95 mmHg

Question 13

What is the normal arterial pCO₂ reading?

Answer 13

35 - 45 mmHg

Question 14

What is a normal SpO₂ level?

Answer 14

95 - 98%

Question 15

What is the range for a normal respiratory rate?

Answer 15

12 - 18 breathes per min.

Question 16

What are normal BUN levels?

What are normal creatinine levels?

Answer 16

9 - 21 mg/dl

1.0 mg/dl (0.7 - 1.2)

Question 17

What is furosemide?

Where in its target organ does it act?

Answer 17

A loop diuretic;

the ascending loop of Henle

Question 18

How does furosemide cause diuresis?

Answer 18

Inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle

Question 19

What is hydrochlorothiazide?

Where in its target organ does it act?

Answer 19

A diuretic;

the distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

How does hydrochlorothiazide cause diuresis?

Answer 20

Inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the DCT

Question 21

In addition to decreasing sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, what other effect does furosemide have on the kidney?

Answer 21

Increases prostaglanding production –> renal artery vasodilation –> increased renal flow

Question 22

What is an example of a β-blocker specific to β1 receptors that is commonly used to treat hypertension?

Answer 22

Metoprolol

Question 23

A high-pitched whistle made during inspiration or expiration is termed a _________.

A low-pitched whistle made during inspiration or expiration is termed a _________.

Answer 23

Wheeze;

rhonchi

Question 24

What is another term for crackles?

What are crackles?

What causes them?

Answer 24

Rales;

short, explosive sounds — bubbling, rattling, or clicking;

fluid in the lungs (CHF, pneumonia, COPD, etc.)

Question 25

What is indicated by jugular venous distention (which jugular vein in particular)?

Answer 25

Elevated central venous pressure (internal jugular v.);

Question 26

What test can be used to look for right ventricular failure?

Answer 26

The hepatojugular (abdominojugular) test

Question 27

For what condition is the hepatojugular (abdominojugular) test used to identify?

Answer 27

Right ventricular failure

Question 28

What is the normal hematocrit (range) for a man?

What is the normal hematocrit (range) for a woman?

Answer 28

47% (39 - 48)

42% (36 - 45

Question 29

What is a normal serum sodium level?

What is a normal serum potassium level?

What is a normal BUN level?

What is a normal serum creatinine level?

Answer 29

140 mg/dl (135 - 145)

4.6 mg/dl (3.5 - 5.5)

5 - 20 mg/dl

1 mg/dl

Question 30

What is normal blood osmolality?

Answer 30

290 mOsmol / Kg