Causes Of Disease

Question 1

Define etiology

Answer 1

Causes of disease

Question 2

What is the name given to conditions with no known cause?

Answer 2

Idiopathic

Question 3

Haw are causes of diseases classified?

Answer 3

Intrinsic- from within
Extrinsic- from outside

Question 4

What are examples of intrinsic causes of disease?

Answer 4

• changes in a induviduals genome
• typically alter the function of a gene

Question 5

What are the two ways genetic variations can manifest?

Answer 5

Cell autonomously and call non-autonomously

Question 6

What is cell autonomously?

Answer 6

Eg. Cell x no longer expresses protein y so cell x is the wrong shape

Question 7

What is cell non-autonomously?

Answer 7

Cell x no longer secretes protein hormone y, so cell z no longer functions

Question 8

Give examples of extrinsic causes of disease

Answer 8

• injury
• infection
• nutrition and diet
• lifestyle
• chemical poisoning
• Exposure to radiation

Question 9

What are the limitations or grey areas of intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease?

Answer 9

• causes of a disease are often a chain of events ( are allergies caused by sensitive immune system or the preceding allergens)
• intrinsic or extrinsic to what? Cell, tissue, organ

Question 10

Age is a contributing factor to many diseases but is it a cause of disease?

Answer 10

No
Age is a synonym for time
It is just a factor where over time exposure to the intrinsic (increase mutations) or extrinsic (UV radiation)

However, age can be intrinsic cause when it describes the biological processes of ageing (ageing -> menopause -> decreased oestrogen -> risk of osteoporosis)

Many diseases associated with
Chronic inflammation also have a biological ageing cause.

Question 11

Examples of intrinsic diseases

Answer 11

• cancer
• developmental diseases
  - inherited anaemia
• inherited metabolic diseases

Question 12

What are phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 12

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

Question 13

What are mitogens?

Answer 13

A small bio active protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division.

Question 14

What factors control cell cycle?

Answer 14

Check points between each stage of the cell cycle make sure that no damaged call progress into the next stage.

Question 15

What mechanisms underlie cell death?

Answer 15

Apoptosis - occurs due to an elevation of cytosolic free concentration resulting in activation of a nuclear endonuclease
Necrosis -death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow
Autophagy-associated cell death - cell death occurs to lack of chromosome condensation but is accompanied by large- scale autophagic vacuolisation of the cytoplasm