Causes of cell injury

Question 1

etiology

Answer 1

the study of the cause of disease

Question 2

pathogenesis

Answer 2

the study of the sequence of events from initiation (cause) to conclusion of a disease process

Question 3

to understand pathogenesis it is essential to:

Answer 3

• identify the cause and the host response/ tissue reaction

- determine the significance

Question 4

What is the mnemonic for differential diagnosis

Answer 4

D= degenerative
A= autoimmune
M= metabolic
N= nutritional, neoplastic
I= inflammatory, idiopathic, iatrogenic
T= trauma

Question 5

cell injury

Answer 5

refers to damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components

Question 6

Causes of cell injury

Answer 6

1. oxygen deprivation
2. physical injury
3. chemical injury
4. infectious agents
5. nutritional imbalances
6. genetic

Question 7

hypoxia

Answer 7

inadequate oxygenation of tissues

Question 8

ischemia

Answer 8

decrease of blood supply in tissues

Question 9

anoxia

Answer 9

absence of oxygen in tissues

Question 10

anemia

Answer 10

decrease in the number of red blood cells in blood, or decrease in blood volume, or RBC are deficient in hemoglobin

Question 11

Cyanide toxicosis is due to ___

Answer 11

blockage of cell respiratory enzymes

Question 12

trauma

Answer 12

direct rupture or death of large #s of cells

Question 13

extreme heat

Answer 13

denatures essential cell enzymes and other proteins

Question 14

excessive heat

Answer 14

can increase the rate of metabolic reactions so that substrates, H2O and pH changes reach lethal levels

Question 15

electricity

Answer 15

• generates great heat as it passes through tissue

- alters conduction of nerves and muscles

Question 16

ionization radiation

Answer 16

causes ionization of cellular water with production of highly reactive free radicals

Question 17

radiation

Answer 17

many forms may damage genetic material producing reproductive cell death of cells, genetic defects, neoplasia

Question 18

extreme cold

Answer 18

• impairs blood flow

- intracellular ice crystals rupture cell membranes

Question 19

inorganic poisons

Answer 19

lead, copper, arsenic, selenium, mercury

Question 20

chemicals

Answer 20

drugs, pesticides, herbicides, rodenticides

Question 21

physiologic compounds

Answer 21

salt, glucose, oxygen

Question 22

organic poisons

Answer 22

nitrate/nitrite, oxalate, hydrocyanic acid

Question 23

plant toxins

Answer 23

ragwort, sweet clover, braken fern

Question 24

animal toxins

Answer 24

snake venom, tick toxin

Question 25

mycotoxins

Answer 25

aflatoxin, ergot, fusarium

Question 26

acellular agents

Answer 26

viruses, prions

Question 27

prokayotes

Answer 27

bacteria, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasma

Question 28

eularyotes

Answer 28

fungi, protozoa

Question 29

metazoan parasites

Answer 29

cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, insects

Question 30

exotoxin

Answer 30

• produced by clostridium spp.

- release phospholipases that cause membrane damage

Question 31

cytotoxins

Answer 31

-produced by shigella spp., E. coli, salmonella

Question 32

Lipopolysaccharides

Answer 32

• produced by Gram negative bacteria from their cell walls upon death
  - directly toxic to membrane

Question 33

cell response to injury depends on:

Answer 33

• type of injury
• duration
• severity

Question 34

consequences depends on:

Answer 34

• type
• status
• adaptability
• genetic makeup