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Causes of..... Flashcards

1
Q

What are four causes of raised Neutrophils?

A

Bacterial Infection
Inflammation
Acute Illness
Myeloid Leukaemia

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2
Q

What are seven causes of lowered Neutrophils?

A 
Viral Infection
Sepsis
Drugs (chemo, steroids, carbimazole)
Splenomegaly
Bone Marrow Failure
Low B12 or Folate
Autoimmune Disease
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3
Q

What are three causes of raised Lymphocytes?

A

Viral Infection
Inflammation
Lymphocytic Leukaemia

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4
Q

What are five causes of lowered Lymphocytes?

A 
Steroids
Chemotherapy
HIV
Autoimmune Disease
Bone Marrow Failure
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5
Q

What are four causes of raised Eosinophils?

A

Parasitic/Fungal Infection
Asthma
Atopy
Lymphoma

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6
Q

What are six causes of raised Platelets?

A 
Inflammation
Infection
Acute Illness
Recovery from Splenectomy
Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemia Rubra Vera
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7
Q

What are seven causes of lowered Platelets?

A 
Heparin (5% of Patients)
Idiopathic Thrombopaenic Purpura
Chronic Alcoholism
Bone Marrow Failure
DIC
Viral Infections
Splenomegaly
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8
Q

What are five causes of raised INR?

A 
Warfarin
Liver Disease
DIC
Deficiency of Factors II, V, VII or X
Heparin
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9
Q

What are seven causes of raised APPTTr?

A 
Heparin
Haemophillia A&B
von Willebrand Disease
DIC
Deficiency of Factors II, V, VII, IX, X, XI or XII
Liver Disease
Warfarin
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10
Q

What are three causes of raised INR and APTTr?

A

DIC
Liver Disease
Warfarin

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11
Q

What are three causes of raised Urea?

A

Dehydration
Excess Protein Intake eg. Upper GI Bleed
Acute Illness

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12
Q

What are two causes of raised Creatinine?

A 
Renal Failure (acute, chronic, acute on chronic)
Muscle Injury
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13
Q

What causes a raised Urea and Creatinine?

A

Renal Failure - check K+ and ECG

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14
Q

What are ten causes of Hyperkalaemia?

A 
Renal Failure
Diuretics
ACEi
Excess K+ - oral or IV
Acidosis
Trauma 
Burns
Haemolysed Sample
Addison's Disease
Large Blood Transfusion
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15
Q

What are nine causes of Hypokalaemia?

A 
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Diuretics
Hypovolaemia
Alkalosis
Steroids & Cushing's
Inadequate Replacement in Fluids
Renal Disease
Conn's
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16
Q

What are two causes of Hypernatraemia?

A 
Fluid Loss (eg. diarrhoea, burns, fever, glycosuria eg. diabetes0
Excess Sodium (excess 0.9% Saline, Conn's)
17
Q

What are three classes of Hyponatraemia and their causes?

A

Hypovolaemic - D&V, burns, fluid sequestration (pertonitis/pancreatitis), insufficient fluid intake, excess renal loss
Normovolaemic - excess 5% glucose or oral fluids, hypothyroidism, SIADH (malignancy, chest infectionm stroke, trauma, opiates, antipsychotics), liver failure
Oedematous - HF, renal failure & nephrotic syndrome, liver failure

18
Q

What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (un), raised Reticulocytes and lowered Hb?

A

Pre-Hepatic Jaundice:
Haemolysis
Gilbert’s Syndrome

19
Q

What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (mixed), raised ALT/AST, raised GGT?

A 
Hepatic Jaundice:
Liver Disease
Alcohol
Pancreatitis
MI
20
Q

What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (con), raised ALP?

A

Cholestatic Jaundice:
Biliary Disease
Alcohol
Pregnency

21
Q

What is the cause of significantly raised AST/ALT, raised GGT, raised ALP?

A

Hepatocellular Damage:
Paracetamol Toxicity
Hepatic Infarction

22
Q

What is the cause of raised Bilirubin, raised INR, lowered Albumin?

A

Alcoholism

23
Q

What is the cause of significantly raised Amylase, lowered Calcium, raised Glucose and significantly raised CRP?

A

Pancreatitis

24
Q

What is the primary cause of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

25
Q

What are the primary causes of Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Ischaemic Heart Disease

Rheumatic Heart Disease

26
Q

What are the primary causes of Aortic Regurgitation?

A 
Rheumatic Fever
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Bacterial Endocarditis
Marfan's
RA
27
Q

What are the primary causes of Aortic Stenosis?

A

Congenital
Rheumatic Fever
Calcific

Medicine (8 decks)

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