Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diseases Of Cattle > Cattle Lameness > Flashcards

Cattle Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the impact of lameness of milk production?

A

High yielding cows are at a greater risk of lameness - genetic
Lameness reduces milk yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does lameness reduce fertility?

A

Non cyclicity
Ovarian cysts
Lower oestrus intensity
Prolonged calving intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What impact does lameness have on nutrition?

A

Reduced time eating
Reduced DMI
Low BCS - exacerbates due to thin digital cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What effects does lameness have on culling?

A

Increase culling - particularly of high yielding cows

Cost of replacements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mobility score 0

A

Even weight bearing and rhythm on all 4 feet
Flat back
Long strides

No action required beyond routine preventative foot trimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mobility score 1

A

Step uneven or strides shortened
Affected leg not immediately identifiable

Routine preventative foot trimming
Further observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mobility score 2

A

Uneven weight bearing on a limb that is immediately identifiable
Shortened stride
Arched back

Lift foot to examine and treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mobility score 3

A

Unable to walk as fast as a brisk human pace
Can’t keep up with the herd
Signs of mobility score 2

Urgent - lift foot and treat
Keep on straw yard, do not make her move far
In severe cases culling may be the only solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How should you treat grade 1 white line disease?

A

= simple black mark at white line

Remove the disrupted horn until a clean surface can be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you treat grade 2 white line disease?

A

= Localised abscess extending from the black mark
Allow drainage
Block unaffected claw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you treat grade 3 white line disease?

A

= abscess tracking up and back from the white line, extending to the coronary band

Remove overlying wall
Block unaffected claw
Anti-inflammatories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How should you treat sole haemorrhage / bruising?

A

Functional trimming

Block unaffected claw of severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you treat a sole ulcer?

A

= most common foot lesion
Functional trimming
Block the unaffected claw
Anti-inflammatories eg: ketoprofen as v painful
Remove small amounts of sole around protruding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How should you treat digital dermatitis?

A

Clean and dry feet well
Apply topical oxytetracycline spray
Trim foot
Repeat for 3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How should you treat foul in the foot (interdigital dermatitis)?

A

Clean lesions very well
Systemic antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causative gents of digital dermatitis?

A

Treponemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What lesions does digital dermatitis create?

A

Painful, reddened and proliferation areas at the heel bulb

Occasionally coronary band lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can you grade digital dermatitis lesions?

A

M1 - early lesion, ulcerative
M2 - ulcer larger than 2cm, painful
M3 - scab formation after topical treatment - healing, non-ulcerative
M4 - dyskeratosis and proliferation - chronic lesion
M4.1 - chronic lesions with active ulcerated areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can you prevent digital dermatitis?

A

Copper sulphate / formalin footbaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the colloquial term for interdigital necrobacillosis?

A

Foul in the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the causative agent of interdigital necrobacillosis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does interdigital necrobacillosis present?

A

Acute onset
Swelling above the claws
Chunks of necrotic tissue in the interdigital cleft
Very painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How should you treat interdigital necrobacillosis?

A

Restrain
Check for foreign body
Remove necrotic tissue
Systemic antibiotics for 3 days - broad spectrum
Eg: amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, tilmicosin
Should respond rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the causative agent of interdigital dermatitis?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What lesions does dichelobacter nodosus cause?

A

Mild interdigital skin inflammation
Can spread across the heels to cause heel horn erosion

Foot trimming
Oxytetracycline spray and footbathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is heel horn erosion? And how can it be treated / prevented?

A

Progressive destruction of the heel horn

Foot trimming
Topical antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes sole bruising / sole ulcers?

A

Pressure from the pedal bone / stones on tracks
Haemorrhage = bruise
Disrupts normal sole horn production & exposure of corium = sole ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes white line lesions?

A

Shearing forces
Claw overload
Contusions of the corium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What causes deep digital sepsis?

A

Untreated interdigital necrobacillosis
Complicated sole ulcers
Untreated white line lesions
Puncture wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What treatment options are there for digital sepsis?

A

Amputation
Euthanasia
Arthrodesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How should you treat retro-articular abscesses?

A

Surgery - Drain and flush
Give antibiotics
Amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the causes of acute laminitis in the cow?

A

Grain overload – Sara – endotoxins damage lamellar corium

33
Q

How can you treat contracted tendons in calves?

A

Splinting for 2-4 weeks
Tendonectomy of most affected tendon if this does not work

Can treat carpal flexion with splinting if due to contracted tendons, otherwise poor px

34
Q

What must you note about transporting an animal when lame?

A

IT’S ILLEGAL DONT DO IT

35
Q

How do contracted tendons present and how should you treat them?

A 
Flexion of fetlock +/- carpus 
Unable to rise - consider FPT
Aet: cramped in utero, manganese deficiency, hereditary 
Tx: splinting for 2-4 weeks 
      \+/- SDFT tenotomy
36
Q

How does Gastrocnemius muscle rupture present and how can you treat it?

A

Rotational forces, attempting to mount, repeated attempts to rise with hypocalcaemia

Overextended upper limb, lowered hock, knuckling fetlock
Use skin sensation to differentiate from tibial nerve paralysis

Box rest + NSAIDS

37
Q

How does cranial cruciate ligament injury present in animals?

A

Bulls
Mounting the cow - ruptures ligament
Acute onset weight bearing lameness
Stifle effusion

Dx: radiography
Tx: box rest, NSAIDs

38
Q

How does upwards fixation of the patella present?

A

Limb locked in extension and stifle can’t be flexed
Young steers

Tx: section medial patellar ligament

39
Q

How does cellulitis present?

A

Ascending infection secondary to foot lesion eg sole ulcer

Treat foot lesion
Aggressive antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories

40
Q

How does rupture of the peroneus tertius present?

A

Cow has gone down in the foot trimming crush
Now the hock can be hyperextended whilst the stile is flexed

Tx: box rest NSAIDs

41
Q

How does osteochondritis present?

A

Bulls - usually in males
Stifle effusion and lameness

Tx: box rest and NSAIDs
Poor px when OA develops - PTS

42
Q

How does vitamin e and selenium deficiency present?

A

Animals coming up to 1yo
At turn out or during rapid growth

Muscle stiffness, sudden death if myocardium involved

Tx: vitamin e and selenium paraenteral

43
Q

How does hip dysplasia present?

A 
3m-2y
Hereford, Angus, Aberdeen, Charolais 
Stifle points out, hock points in
Lameness
Crepitus
44
Q

How does a hip dislocation present?

A

Cow gone down in foot crush
Around oestrus or parturition (relaxin)

Anterior phase reduced
Cranio-dorsal direction - ambulatory
Caudo-ventral direction - non-ambulatory
Crepitus and swelling over greater trochanter

Tx- closed reduction - must perform within 12h
extend leg, push stifle down and hock up

45
Q

How does septic arthritis present?

A

Traumatic - single joint in adults, spread from foot lesion
Calves - haematogenous - umbilical infection etc

Truepurella pyogenes common causative agent
Swelling of the carpus, hocks and stifle
Lameness
Dx pus in joint - synovial tap

Tx: flush, prolonged antibiotics, NSAIDs

46
Q

How do hygromas present?

A 
Hock lesions due to poor housing
Clear fluid inside
Diagnose using a reproductive scanner
Lance and pressure bandage 
IMPROVE HOUSING
47
Q

How frequently should you change a cast in a calf to allow for growth?

A

Every 10-14 days

48
Q

What is a major risk factor for claw horn disruption lesions?

A

Increased lying or standing times on concrete floor

49
Q

Things to consider in cubicle design:

A

What they are made of
Size - require 1m of lunge space
Stocking density
Shape of cubicle
Bedding - Sand and a mattress best for comfort and mastitis control
Cubicle use - any standing half in half out?

50
Q

How does stocking density predispose to lameness?

A

Increased standing time

Shearing forces on the foot when running away from dominant cows - white line lesions

51
Q

What are the acceptable stoking densities?

A 
10 m2 per cow in straw yards
Minimum 1 cubicle per cow
Recommended
- 5% extra cubicles than cows
- 20% extra cubicles than cows in the freshly calved group
52
Q

How does a lack of feed barrier space lead to lameness?

A

Low BCS - thin digital pad

Competition - shearing forces and white line lesions

53
Q

What space allowances should be made at the feed barrier?

A

76cm yokes - 1 per cow
70cm per cow if not using yokes
1m per cow for transition cows

54
Q

What factors increase standing times?

A 
Milking 3 times a day
Long waiting in the collecting yard
Overcrowding in the collecting yard
Bad cow flow 
Sharp corners

Advice to reduce standing times:
Split cows into smaller management groups

55
Q

What floor surfaces can predispose to lameness?

A 
Concrete - necessary 
- ensure grooves are maintained 
Broken concrete
Wet slippery floor - scrape at least twice a day
Wet muddy tracks
Sharp stones on tracks

Recommendation - rubber in the collecting yard

56
Q

How can animal handling lead to lameness?

A

Aggressive animal handling = shearing forces running away

57
Q

What regular maintenance can you ensure to reduce the incidence of lameness?

A

Foot trimming

58
Q

What body condition score should you maintain cows at to reduce the risk of lameness?

A

Over 2.5 - thin digital cushion if less than this

59
Q

How can calving predispose to lameness?

A

Relaxin - weakens the suspensory apparatus of the claw

= susceptible to white line disease

60
Q

What are transition cows at a higher risk of lameness?

A

Reduced DMI
Fat mobilisation
Calving
Diet changes

61
Q

How can you monitor lameness in a herd?

A

Mobility scoring every 2 weeks
Foot lesion recording
Hock lesion scoring - 20 cows from each group
Body condition scoring at start of dry period, peak lactation and service

62
Q

What are the key points to lameness control?

A 
Risk factors and improve conditions 
Early treatment of clinical cases 
Routine functional foot trimming 
Footbathing 
Genetic selection
63
Q

When should routine foot trimming be performed?

A

At drying off
60 days before the 1st calving
At 60-100 days in milk
As soon as they go lame

64
Q

How should a farmer operate foot bathing?

A

Copper sulphate
Formalin

Ensure the cows feet are clean first - water footbath first
On the normal route to the parlour
Change solution frequently
Adequate contact time

65
Q

What are the targets for good dry cow management?

A 
10-12m2 lying area per cow
75-100cm feed space per cow
80-100 cows per cubicles 
Aim for BCS 3 at drying off
Never allow below 2.5
66
Q

What group management strategies can you use to control lameness?

A 
Group 1st lactation cows separately
Reduce standing times
Group lame cows separately 
Milk twice a day
Rubber matting in the collection yard
Heat stress management - good nutrition, reduce SARA
67
Q

What are the risk factors for lameness?

A 
Rough walking surfaces
Poor cubicle comfort
High stocking density 
Long standing times
Milking frequency - 3 times a day
Bad Animal handling
Shearing forces
Parity
Foot shape
Claw horn quality
Low BCS and digital cushion thickness
Calving
Environmental hygiene 
Infection pressure / biosecurity 
Nutrition
High milk yields
Heat stress
Genetics
68
Q

What are the indications for toe amputation?

A 
Deep digital sepsis
Septic arthritis of the DIPJ 
Retro-articular abscess 
Non-healing wall lesions
Toe necrosis
Complications 
- sole ulcers
- white line abscesses
- foul in the foot
- penetrating injuries
69
Q

How can you perform a toe amputation by disarticulating the PIPJ?

A

Wash and disinfect
Perform IVRA
Amputate 2-3 cm above the coronary band using embryotomy wires
Excoriate the cartilage once the digit is cut off
Check the flexor tendon
Dress the wound following amputation
- Allevyn
- pack the wound
- wrap in cohesive bandage
- ensure that the bandage is not damp - predisposes to Digi

70
Q

What is the average prevalence of lameness in the UK dairy herd?

A

30-35%

71
Q

Name some animal based welfare measures.

A 
Lameness scoring
Swellings
Lesions
BCS
Cleanliness scores
72
Q

Names some resource based welfare measures.

A 
Lameness and treatment records
Foot trimming
Nutrition assessment
Housing assessment 
- cow comfort 
- cubicle assessment 
- hygiene assessment 
- floor assessment 
- tracks
73
Q

How much substrate should you put down?

A

3kg of sawdust, straw or shavings per cubicle per day

74
Q

What factors contribute to hygiene?

A 
Cubicle length
Frequency scraping out
Passageway width 3-4.5m
Bedding plus lime
Ventilation and drainage
Foot bathing
75
Q

What are the risk factors for sole ulcers?

A

Overloading the lateral claw
Increased standing times
Poor cubicle comfort
Low BCS = thin digital cushion

76
Q

How can you prevent sole ulcers?

A

Routine foot trimming
60 day dry period and good nutrition in this time
Good comfortable cubicles

77
Q

What are the risk factors for white line disease?

A

Walking on stony tracks
Sheer forces
Bullying - causes sudden turning

78
Q

How can you prevent digital dermatitis?

A

Good hygiene
Keep the environment clean
Closed herd
Regular foot trimming

Diseases Of Cattle (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions