Calf Diarrhoea Flashcards
What are the causes of hyper secretory diarrhoea in calves?
ETEC e.coli
Calves under 5do
What is the cause of malabsorptive (osmotic diarrhoea) in calves?
Rotavirus, Coronavirus, BVD
Campylobacter, salmonella, clostridium
Cryptosporidium, coccidiosis
Calves over 6do
How can you make your own isotonic saline containing potassium and bicarbonate for use in a mildly acidosis calf?
5L H2O
34g NaCl
15g bicarbonate
5-8g KCl
Hartmanns is not indicated - expensive and contains bicarbonate precursors
- causes a dilutional acidosis
What is the best antibiotic for calf scour?
Amoxicillin
How can you make fluids for a severely acidotic calf?
5 H2O plus 45-60g NaCL
Then spike with
- 17.5g bicarbonate in 400ml for dairy
- 35g bicarbonate in 400ml for beef
What fluid rate should you start with in an acidotic calf?
80ml/kg/h - to give 2-3L in the first 45 mins
Maintenance = 10-20 ml/kg/h
At what age does VTEC/EPEC E.coli cause severe haemorrhagic scour?
18-21 days
At what age does Coronavirus and rotavirus cause scour in calves?
7-14 days
At what age does cryptosporidium cause scour in calves?
1-21 days
What TP cut off is a FPT?
<55 g/L
At what age does IgA and IgG stop being secreted into the gut?
7
What can you treat cryptosporidium with?
Halocur
What is w most important antibody for protecting again septicaemia?
IgM
What so the most common cause of calf diarrhoea?
Rotavirus
What are the sources of infectious agents in calf diarrhoea?
Adult cows
Other calves - pathogen multiplers
Diarrhoeic calves
Environment
What are the host defences in calf diarrhoea?
Passive immunity - IgA IgG - resecretion of IgM in the gut offers protection for 7d
Healthy gut flora
Healthy mucosa - nutrition
*if colostrum is not provided even following successful passive transfer the calf will develop diarrhoea due to lack of guy protection
What enviornmental factors influence the risk of calf diarrhoea?
Age in relation to calving period - young calves at high risk Stocking density - more contamination Indoors - pathogens can build up Group housing - easier disease transfer Hygiene - utensils - calving area
What 3 area should you direct management at in calf diarrhoea?
Hygiene
Improving calf immunity
Reducing predisposing factors - good housing, temperature and humidity, reducing stressors
What complication may predispose a calf to FPT and via reduced colostrum intake?
Dystocia
Calf born with respiratory acidosis - reduced colostrum intake
How can you minimise calf exposure to causative agents?
Clean calving area Remove calf after 2-4h Transfer into clean calf housing Individual calf housing best Ensure good hygiene at feeding Hospitalise sick calves
In beef systems
- use the Sandhills system - ensure no more than 2 week age spread between group of calves
- hospitalise sick calves
How can you maximise the protection to calves?
Dairy
- 4L colostrum in the first 6h of life, and again in next 6h
- continued colostrum feeding for 7days
Beef
- ensure good dam nutrition 3w pre calving
- frozen colostrum at bad calving
- vaccinate dam against rotavirus
What vaccinations are available to give the dam to protect the calf?
Enterotoxigenic E.coli
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Must be given 30day before calving
Must continue to feed colostrum for 21days to provide protection
Describe the Sandhills system in beef farming
Every week you move the non-calved cows
This prevents the younger calves coming into contact with older calves and ensures an age spread of less than two weeks
Sandhills procedure is not very practical in the UK. Describe the system used in beef systems in the UK.
If the cows calves inside, turn out as soon as possible
Cow calf pairs are segregated in age groups with no more than a 7-10day age spread
Calves are mixed when the youngest child calf is 4 weeks of age
Coccidiosis in calves.
Seen in calves over 21 days
Due to poor hygiene - particularly around troughs
CP - dark scour +/- blood, tenesmus, BAR
Dx - faecal oocyst count
Tx - sulfonamides, vecoxan (coccidiostats)
Necrotic enteritis.
2-6mo
Sporadic, usually fatal
Unknown cause - poss vit E and selenium deficiency
CP: Pyrexia, pale mm, necrotic gut lesions
Dx: necrotic gut lesions on PME, thrombocytopaenia, leucocytopaenia
Tx: none usually fatal
Appears similar to BVD, necrotic lesions in gut and resp tract
Peri-weaning scour syndrome
Not fed enough concentrates pre-weaning =
under developed rumen
CP: pasty scour, bloat and poor growth at weaning
What mortality levels should a dairy farmer aim for?
Less than 5%
What what age should a dairy calf be weaned?
80kg (over 65kg) at at least 8 weeks old
- ideally wean at 10-12 weeks old
When eating 1.5kg of concentrates per day
Most farms wean at 2 months
What weight should a dairy calf be at 1st service - 13-14 months?
Over 380kg (ideally 400) 60% mature weight
What is the daily live weight gain?
0.9 kg/day
What are the benefits of good nutrition in the first 5 weeks of life?
Higher daily live weight gain
Lower age at conception
Lower % to be culled at the end of the first lactation
Increased total milk yield in the 1st and 2nd lactation
How can the traditional feeding regime be improved?
2L each feed, 2x a day, wean at 2m
Wean at a 10-12w
Acidified ad lib milk feeding or machine feeding
BASICALLY AD LIB CALF FEEDING AND WEANING AT 10-12 WEEKS THE BEST IN THE LONG TERM