Cattle 1 Flashcards
What is the relationship between exotic and notifiable disease
Notifiable disease does not always mean exotic
- Such as anthrax -> not in this lecture
ALL EXOTIC ARE NOTIFIABLE -> not all are emergency
- Must notify the department within
- Foot and mouth disease - ASAP
What are 2 common exotic disease categories and disease within
Vesicular Diseases = blister - Foot and Mouth Disease - Vesicular Stomatitis Erosive Diseases = erosion - Rinderpest - Jembrana Disease
List the 13 main exotic diseases of cattle
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Rabies
- Screw Worm Fly
- Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
- Bovine Tuberculosis
- Bovine Brucellosis
- Enzootic Bovine Leucosis
- Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
- Theileriosis (East Coast Fever - east coast of africia)
- Rift Valley Fever
- Lumpy Skin Disease
- Bluetongue
- Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
Foot and mouth disease, what caused by, incubation period, transmission and what species affected with susceptibility
- Viral disease
- High contagious but low mortality
- Longer incubation period - 2-8 days -> able to spread before detection of clinical signs
- Transmission -> direct contact (infected foodstuff, meats), airborne (robust virus so can travel long distances - generally in low temperature), fomites (boots, vehicles, people)
○ If infected food stuff from overseas is illegally imported and then given to pigs - most likely how will enter -> swill feeding is illegal - Hooved animals (ungulate)-> NOT HORSES -> 2 claws or more
○ Pigs, sheep, cattle, camelids, antelope
§ Pigs are super incubators -> sheds 3000 times more virus than cattle in the air
§ Cattle are highly susceptible to infection and show obvious clinical signs -> detect in these first generally in an outbreak
What are the clinical signs in cattle of foot and mouth disease and general time it takes for these to occur
- Inflammation -> Blisters short-term -> rupture (tags of epithelium present then heal - painful
○ Takes 4-5 days -> if have vesicles only RECENT INFECTION
§ Resolving lesions -> within the herd for a few weeks -> NEED TO TRACEBACK
○ Shifting lameness, reluctance to move
○ Between claws, around coronary bands - Mouth -> excess salivation (drooling) -> due to painful stomatitis
- Generally also get fever -> listlessness
- Highly susceptible generally
What are the clinical signs seen in sheep and pigs for foot and mouth disease
PIG
Snout and foot lesions, shifting lameness, inflammation of coronary band, can also get abortions so reduced litter size
SHEEP
- clinical expression is low -> hard to detect’
- Shifting lameness often the clinical signs -> can look like footrot
What are the main effects of a foot and mouth disease outbreak
○ Mortality of the animals
○ Decrease in trade - major economically loss
○ Environmental -> smoke, burning cattle, large grave yards
○ Depression - suicides -> social consequences
Vesicular stomatitis what look like, what species effect, where found and mortality
- Clinically very similar to FMD. Insect vectors.
- Affects cattle, horses and pigs - IF HORSE AND LOOKS LIKE FMD -> think this
○ also many New World (Americas) wildlife such as deer, antelope, raccoons, monkeys and rats - Occurs in Western Hemisphere
○ USA, Central and Sth America - Vesicles on mouth, feet, teats
- Low mortality - just young, immunosuppressive, and those killed for control purposes
○ Is still a welfare issue, cannot just leave -> takes months to recover
Rinderpest when eradicated, mortality and morbidity, species found, transmission and what signs similar to
- Eradicated in 1905
- High morbidity and high mortality
- Found in goat, sheep, pigs, cattle, buffalo, giraffes
- Transmission -> direct contact - milk, urine, faeces
○ Indirect transmission not important as fragile organisms
Differential - Mucosal disease (BVDV) and malignant catarrhal fever -> endemic in Australia
○ Malignant catarrhal fever -> generally sporadic and high mortality - JUST NOT HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY like rinderpest
Rinderpest Clinical signs and progression of the disease
Erosive lesions, fever, salivation, severely depressed and reluctance to
- Fever generally the first clinical signs - 2 day after infection
- Pregnant cows may abort
- Discharge from eyes and nose -> may become purulent
- Salivation and drooling
- Nasal discharge will dry and form crusts
- Developed of erosions in mouth and palate
- Diarrhoea -> temperature will start to fall -> blood and mucous in diarrhoea
- Emaciated and weak looking cows
- Die 6-12 days after infection
Screw worms fly what is it, where found, where could do and impact
- Old World Screw Worm Fly
○ Chrysomya bezziana - Endemic in PNG (~150km away) - VERY CLOSE
○ Have had infections but hasn’t established itself - Modeling indicates it could establish in Oz especially in Northern Queensland
- Economic impacts -> may not be able to castrate or dehorn due to risk of infection within open wounds
○ Loss of condition -> production losses, fertility losses
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) what causes, is it in australia and the disease with types caused
- Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
- Eradicated from Australia 1967 before than was endemic
- Respiratory disease
○ Acute
§ Fever, depression and rapid respiration
○ Chronic
§ Mild fever, loss of body condition
§ Dyspnoea on exercise
Bovine tuberculosis main importance, caused by, clinical signs and diagnosis
ZOONOTIC - Mycobacterium bovis - Infected cattle often clinically normal - Signs are usually respiratory ○ coughing, dyspnoea then weight loss ○ Sometimes alimentary and mammary - Herd surveillance using intra-dermal testing - Confirmation post-mortem ○ culture or histopathology
Bovine tuberculosis is it in Australia and what countries within
- Eradicated from Australia (BTEC. Free in 1997)
- Endemic in many countries, incl NZ (possum) & UK (badgers)
○ Eradication based on identification and removal of infected cattle
○ Complicated by existence of wildlife reservoirs (badgers & possums)
Bovine brucellosis importance, cause, main issues, where is ti located
ZOONOTIC
- Brucella abortus
- Contagious.
- Late term (5 – 7 months) abortion & infertility
- Zoonotic (infected material or milk)
○ “Undulant fever” -> comes and goes
- Eradicated from Australia (since 1989) & NZ
○ ‘Strain 19’ vaccination (do not inoculate yourself) and culling
- Still widespread elsewhere
○ Mediterranean, Latin America, Africa, parts of Asia
Enzootic bovine leukosis what caused by, age of animals, what occurs, transmission and is it in aus
- Infectious. Bovine Leukosis Virus (Retroviridae)
- Tends to occur in older animals
- Most (95%) asymptomatic
- Some (30%) have lymphocytosis
- Spread by fomites (vets… needles, gloves etc)
- Eradicated from Australia dairy herd (2012) using bulk tank and individual cow serology
Sporadic bovine leukosis when occurs, age, 3 forms and is it exotic
NOT EXOTIC
- Not infectious, nor due to BLV -> sporadic prevalence
- Tends to occur in younger animals
- Three clinical forms
○ Juvenile: Generalised lymph node swelling. Dead in 4-6 weeks
○ Thymic: Thymic enlargement at thoracic inlet associated with signs of cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, or metastases
○ Skin: Multiple hyperkeratotic plaques. May resolve spontaneously but usually recur. Widespread metastases in other organs is terminal
List 6 other exotic diseases - generally spread by vectors
- • Haemorrhagic septicaemia
- • Theileriosis (East Coast Fever) [cf Benign Theileriosis (endemic in Australia)]
- Rift Valley Fever
- • Lumpy Skin Disease
- • Bluetongue
- • Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
Haemorrhagic septicaemia what is it, caused by, species found in, located and transmission
EXOTIC
- pasteurella multocida (B:2 & E:2 strains)
- esp Buffalo… Cattle… Bison
- In Sth East Asia, Middle East & Africa
- Transmitted by direct contact or via feed
- ~ 2 % carriers in endemic areas
Haemorrhagic septicaemia morbidity, mortality, incubation, clinical signs
- Morbidity in outbreaks 5 - 90 %
- Case fatality close to 100 %
- Incubation 2 - 5 days
- Acute or peracute (6 - 48 hours)
- Clinical signs - SEPTICAEMIA
○ High fever, dullness
○ Excess salivation, nasal discharge
○ Oedema of throat and brisket
○ Respiratory distress and death
Theileriosis what is it, transmission, signs and mortality
EXOTIC - Tick-borne protozoal disease ○ Theileria parva (East Coast Fever) ○ Theileria annulata (Mediterranean, tropical) - Signs ○ Lymph node enlargement ○ Fever ○ Hydrothorax - Case fatality 100% in naïve cattle
Benign theileriosis what is it, transmission, where found and signs
NOT EXOTIC - Tick-borne protozoal disease ○ Theileria orientalis - Endemic in Victoria (not Tas, SA) - Signs ○ Variable symptoms § Anaemia, Fatigue, Abortion… ○ An interesting emerging disease in Victoria
Rift valley fever importance, transmission and what leads to
- Mosquito-borne viral disease
- Abortions and mortality of young
- Zoonosis
○ Influenza like disease
Lumpy skin disease pathogen, clinical signs, mortality, is it in aus and what also looks like
- Viral (Poxviridae)
- Multiple skin nodules.
- Few die, but infected animals debilitated
- Never been recorded in Australia -> risk to australia is low
○ There is surveillance - Differentiate between:
○ Allergy
○ Insect attack
○ Pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease
§ BovHerpes2 (endemic in Aust)
○ Sporadic bovine leukosis
Bluetongue transmission, location and symptoms
- Arthropod borne (Culicoides midges)
- Widespread globally
○ Detected in Northern Australia, but does not cause clinical disease - Symptoms overseas
○ Morbidity is low (<5%). Mortality also low.
○ Mild fever. Oral/nasal erosions, discharge, crusts.
○ Mild lameness and stiffness.
Heartwater (cowdriosis) transmission, location adn signs
- Tick-borne Rickettsial disease ○ Erlichia ruminantium - Southern Africa - Signs ○ Fever ○ +/- Diarrhoea ○ Nervous signs
Animal health economics what are the basics with production animal medicine
- patients have a finite monetary value
- clients have different preferences -> changes with value of those animals in the market
○ As Increase more likely to invest in animal health and vice versa - treatments have different efficacies (and costs)
Animal health economics what are the basics with companion animal medicine
- patients have a highly variable ‘value’
- clients have different preferences
- treatments have different efficacies (and costs)
Why is animal health economics important
Knowing a bit about economics will help you to offer animal health ‘solutions’ that
- are compatible with your client’s ability to support and care for the animals under their care
- represent value for money
-Being able to do this will ultimately enhance the standing of the veterinary profession in the wider community
•There’ll be many occasions during your career when you’ll want to ‘do something’
- employ a new associate veterinarian
- build a new operating theatre
- implement a control program for a disease at the regional or national level
Cash flow document what is it, what does it provide information on
- A cash flow documents expected incomes and expenses over a specified period of time (generally by month)
- Provide an idea of an enterprise’s ability to pay for a proposed intervention -> when farm in net surplus
- Provide no information about whether or not a proposed intervention represents a good investment
Partial budgeting what is it used for, what are considered and the 4 main categories with equation
- A technique useful when you want to work out the likely economic impact of a single intervention in a livestock enterprise
○ Introducing vaccine, AI instead of natural, building new shed - Only those costs and returns affected by the intervention are considered
Costs and returns categorised under four headings:
A. Additional returns obtained as a result of the implementation of the program
B. Costs no longer incurred if the program is implemented
C. Returns no longer obtained if the program is implemented -> granuloma from vaccine resulting in increase carcass cutting at abbatioir
D. Additional costs incurred from implementing the program
Net change in income equals returns minus costs: (A + B) - (C + D)
Partial budgeting what does the cost estimated result mean, advantages and disadvantages
- If the estimated change in net enterprise income is greater than zero, the change is expected to return a net positive economic effect
Advantages - suitable for analysing small changes in an enterprise e.g. change in the replacement policy of dairy cows, adoption of a new breeding method
- the only information required is the four factors which change as a result of the proposed intervention
Disadvantages - analyst must decide what aspects of the production process are likely to change as a result of the proposed intervention
- sometimes difficult to clearly identify the likely costs and benefits associated with the change
Partial budgeting what need to add, why, how done
put sensitivity around it
○ Sensitivity analysis is a technique that allows you to identify those inputs that have the biggest effect on the net change in income
○ Sensitivity analyses important for working out if your conclusions are robust enough to errors in assumptions
○ How to do it?
§ Spreadsheet and change the values that may change such as cost of feed and change in ADG (average daily gain) and determine the profit for the changed values
- if sensitive to changes around a parameter should be conservative in the estimate and get values from a good source - metanalysis
Benefit-cost analysis why do you need to use this
- If responses to interventions are immediate
○ we can add up the expected costs and benefits of the proposed intervention
○ Compare the costs with the benefits - But often responses take a while
○ when interventions are large and complex, costs can extend over many years
○ similarly, benefits accrue over many years
○ estimates of benefit and cost need to account for time
Benefit-cost analysis what is it based on
- Benefit-cost analysis is based on discounting the benefits and costs attributable to a project over time and then comparing the present value of costs (PVC) with the present value of benefits (PVB)
○ If have to wait a long time to get return that return is worth less to us
What are the 3 aspects of the benefit cost-anaylsis
1) The present value of benefits is the sum of the discounted values of benefits in each year:
2) The present value of costs is the sum of the discounted values of costs in each year:
3) The discount rate i should reflect the real rate of interest (or of return) on investments (highly dependent on the interest rate)
○ It can be:
§ a rate comparable to the real rate of interest that could be earned if the sum involved was put into a bank or invested in another project
§ a social time preference rate, reflecting the preference society has for present as opposed to future consumption
The discount rate (i) in benefit-cost anaylsis what should be though as, what common values and what if high discount rate
○ The discount rate should be thought of as a ‘price’ set on the use of money -> what is costs to use money instead of putting in the bank
○ Discount rates usually chosen for projects in developing countries range from 8% to 12%
○ High discount rates penalise projects with high initial expenditures and a low level of benefits returned over a long period of time
§ disease eradication projects often fall into this category
§ this problem should be acknowledged while realising that a reasonably high discount rate often needs to be applied in order to reflect the opportunity cost of capital
Dealing with inflation when do and don’t rely on
- if relative prices don’t change (everything going up at the same rate), don’t worry about adjusting for the effect of inflation, estimates are made on the basis of today’s prices
- if a change in relative prices is expected, the price of those items which are getting cheaper or more expensive over time can be decreased or increased as necessary
- > it is simpler and safer to use present-day prices
What is the consumer price index
- Change in price of multiple items is recorded and used to create consumer price index
- Can be used to determine how much certain money will be worth in the future
