Cattle 1 Flashcards
What is the relationship between exotic and notifiable disease
Notifiable disease does not always mean exotic
- Such as anthrax -> not in this lecture
ALL EXOTIC ARE NOTIFIABLE -> not all are emergency
- Must notify the department within
- Foot and mouth disease - ASAP
What are 2 common exotic disease categories and disease within
Vesicular Diseases = blister - Foot and Mouth Disease - Vesicular Stomatitis Erosive Diseases = erosion - Rinderpest - Jembrana Disease
List the 13 main exotic diseases of cattle
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Rabies
- Screw Worm Fly
- Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
- Bovine Tuberculosis
- Bovine Brucellosis
- Enzootic Bovine Leucosis
- Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
- Theileriosis (East Coast Fever - east coast of africia)
- Rift Valley Fever
- Lumpy Skin Disease
- Bluetongue
- Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
Foot and mouth disease, what caused by, incubation period, transmission and what species affected with susceptibility
- Viral disease
- High contagious but low mortality
- Longer incubation period - 2-8 days -> able to spread before detection of clinical signs
- Transmission -> direct contact (infected foodstuff, meats), airborne (robust virus so can travel long distances - generally in low temperature), fomites (boots, vehicles, people)
○ If infected food stuff from overseas is illegally imported and then given to pigs - most likely how will enter -> swill feeding is illegal - Hooved animals (ungulate)-> NOT HORSES -> 2 claws or more
○ Pigs, sheep, cattle, camelids, antelope
§ Pigs are super incubators -> sheds 3000 times more virus than cattle in the air
§ Cattle are highly susceptible to infection and show obvious clinical signs -> detect in these first generally in an outbreak
What are the clinical signs in cattle of foot and mouth disease and general time it takes for these to occur
- Inflammation -> Blisters short-term -> rupture (tags of epithelium present then heal - painful
○ Takes 4-5 days -> if have vesicles only RECENT INFECTION
§ Resolving lesions -> within the herd for a few weeks -> NEED TO TRACEBACK
○ Shifting lameness, reluctance to move
○ Between claws, around coronary bands - Mouth -> excess salivation (drooling) -> due to painful stomatitis
- Generally also get fever -> listlessness
- Highly susceptible generally
What are the clinical signs seen in sheep and pigs for foot and mouth disease
PIG
Snout and foot lesions, shifting lameness, inflammation of coronary band, can also get abortions so reduced litter size
SHEEP
- clinical expression is low -> hard to detect’
- Shifting lameness often the clinical signs -> can look like footrot
What are the main effects of a foot and mouth disease outbreak
○ Mortality of the animals
○ Decrease in trade - major economically loss
○ Environmental -> smoke, burning cattle, large grave yards
○ Depression - suicides -> social consequences
Vesicular stomatitis what look like, what species effect, where found and mortality
- Clinically very similar to FMD. Insect vectors.
- Affects cattle, horses and pigs - IF HORSE AND LOOKS LIKE FMD -> think this
○ also many New World (Americas) wildlife such as deer, antelope, raccoons, monkeys and rats - Occurs in Western Hemisphere
○ USA, Central and Sth America - Vesicles on mouth, feet, teats
- Low mortality - just young, immunosuppressive, and those killed for control purposes
○ Is still a welfare issue, cannot just leave -> takes months to recover
Rinderpest when eradicated, mortality and morbidity, species found, transmission and what signs similar to
- Eradicated in 1905
- High morbidity and high mortality
- Found in goat, sheep, pigs, cattle, buffalo, giraffes
- Transmission -> direct contact - milk, urine, faeces
○ Indirect transmission not important as fragile organisms
Differential - Mucosal disease (BVDV) and malignant catarrhal fever -> endemic in Australia
○ Malignant catarrhal fever -> generally sporadic and high mortality - JUST NOT HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY like rinderpest
Rinderpest Clinical signs and progression of the disease
Erosive lesions, fever, salivation, severely depressed and reluctance to
- Fever generally the first clinical signs - 2 day after infection
- Pregnant cows may abort
- Discharge from eyes and nose -> may become purulent
- Salivation and drooling
- Nasal discharge will dry and form crusts
- Developed of erosions in mouth and palate
- Diarrhoea -> temperature will start to fall -> blood and mucous in diarrhoea
- Emaciated and weak looking cows
- Die 6-12 days after infection
Screw worms fly what is it, where found, where could do and impact
- Old World Screw Worm Fly
○ Chrysomya bezziana - Endemic in PNG (~150km away) - VERY CLOSE
○ Have had infections but hasn’t established itself - Modeling indicates it could establish in Oz especially in Northern Queensland
- Economic impacts -> may not be able to castrate or dehorn due to risk of infection within open wounds
○ Loss of condition -> production losses, fertility losses
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) what causes, is it in australia and the disease with types caused
- Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
- Eradicated from Australia 1967 before than was endemic
- Respiratory disease
○ Acute
§ Fever, depression and rapid respiration
○ Chronic
§ Mild fever, loss of body condition
§ Dyspnoea on exercise
Bovine tuberculosis main importance, caused by, clinical signs and diagnosis
ZOONOTIC - Mycobacterium bovis - Infected cattle often clinically normal - Signs are usually respiratory ○ coughing, dyspnoea then weight loss ○ Sometimes alimentary and mammary - Herd surveillance using intra-dermal testing - Confirmation post-mortem ○ culture or histopathology
Bovine tuberculosis is it in Australia and what countries within
- Eradicated from Australia (BTEC. Free in 1997)
- Endemic in many countries, incl NZ (possum) & UK (badgers)
○ Eradication based on identification and removal of infected cattle
○ Complicated by existence of wildlife reservoirs (badgers & possums)
Bovine brucellosis importance, cause, main issues, where is ti located
ZOONOTIC
- Brucella abortus
- Contagious.
- Late term (5 – 7 months) abortion & infertility
- Zoonotic (infected material or milk)
○ “Undulant fever” -> comes and goes
- Eradicated from Australia (since 1989) & NZ
○ ‘Strain 19’ vaccination (do not inoculate yourself) and culling
- Still widespread elsewhere
○ Mediterranean, Latin America, Africa, parts of Asia
Enzootic bovine leukosis what caused by, age of animals, what occurs, transmission and is it in aus
- Infectious. Bovine Leukosis Virus (Retroviridae)
- Tends to occur in older animals
- Most (95%) asymptomatic
- Some (30%) have lymphocytosis
- Spread by fomites (vets… needles, gloves etc)
- Eradicated from Australia dairy herd (2012) using bulk tank and individual cow serology
Sporadic bovine leukosis when occurs, age, 3 forms and is it exotic
NOT EXOTIC
- Not infectious, nor due to BLV -> sporadic prevalence
- Tends to occur in younger animals
- Three clinical forms
○ Juvenile: Generalised lymph node swelling. Dead in 4-6 weeks
○ Thymic: Thymic enlargement at thoracic inlet associated with signs of cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, or metastases
○ Skin: Multiple hyperkeratotic plaques. May resolve spontaneously but usually recur. Widespread metastases in other organs is terminal
List 6 other exotic diseases - generally spread by vectors
- • Haemorrhagic septicaemia
- • Theileriosis (East Coast Fever) [cf Benign Theileriosis (endemic in Australia)]
- Rift Valley Fever
- • Lumpy Skin Disease
- • Bluetongue
- • Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
Haemorrhagic septicaemia what is it, caused by, species found in, located and transmission
EXOTIC
- pasteurella multocida (B:2 & E:2 strains)
- esp Buffalo… Cattle… Bison
- In Sth East Asia, Middle East & Africa
- Transmitted by direct contact or via feed
- ~ 2 % carriers in endemic areas
Haemorrhagic septicaemia morbidity, mortality, incubation, clinical signs
- Morbidity in outbreaks 5 - 90 %
- Case fatality close to 100 %
- Incubation 2 - 5 days
- Acute or peracute (6 - 48 hours)
- Clinical signs - SEPTICAEMIA
○ High fever, dullness
○ Excess salivation, nasal discharge
○ Oedema of throat and brisket
○ Respiratory distress and death
Theileriosis what is it, transmission, signs and mortality
EXOTIC - Tick-borne protozoal disease ○ Theileria parva (East Coast Fever) ○ Theileria annulata (Mediterranean, tropical) - Signs ○ Lymph node enlargement ○ Fever ○ Hydrothorax - Case fatality 100% in naïve cattle
Benign theileriosis what is it, transmission, where found and signs
NOT EXOTIC - Tick-borne protozoal disease ○ Theileria orientalis - Endemic in Victoria (not Tas, SA) - Signs ○ Variable symptoms § Anaemia, Fatigue, Abortion… ○ An interesting emerging disease in Victoria
Rift valley fever importance, transmission and what leads to
- Mosquito-borne viral disease
- Abortions and mortality of young
- Zoonosis
○ Influenza like disease
Lumpy skin disease pathogen, clinical signs, mortality, is it in aus and what also looks like
- Viral (Poxviridae)
- Multiple skin nodules.
- Few die, but infected animals debilitated
- Never been recorded in Australia -> risk to australia is low
○ There is surveillance - Differentiate between:
○ Allergy
○ Insect attack
○ Pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease
§ BovHerpes2 (endemic in Aust)
○ Sporadic bovine leukosis