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Psyc 2014 > Cattell's theory & The Big 5 > Flashcards

Cattell's theory & The Big 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Cattell’s theory on personality and traits suggest?

A

PERSONALITY: characteristics of an individual that allow predictions of behaviour
TRAITS: relatively stable and long-lasting building blocks of personality – predictive value

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2
Q

What did Cattell say are important factors in trait development?

A
  • BOTH ENVIRONMENT AND GENETICS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY:
    CONSTITUTIONAL TRAITS: genetically based
    ENVIRONMENTAL-MOLD TRAITS: environmentally determined.
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3
Q

What were Cattell’s different types of traits?

A

-ABILITY TRAITS
- TEMPERAMENT TRAITS
- DYNAMIC TRAITS
(ALSO SURFACE TRAUTS AND SOURCE TRAITS)

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4
Q

What are ability traits?

A
  • relates to how well we deal with specific situations and how well we reach our goals e.g. intelligence
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5
Q

What are temperament traits?

A
  • relates to styles we adopt when pursuing our goals; highly heritable e.g. intelligence
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6
Q

What are dynamic traits?

A
  • relates to elements guided by motivation e.g. altruistic, competitive
    INCLUDES: attitudes (express our particular interests), sentiments (aggregates of attitudes e.g. values), ergs (innate drives)
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7
Q

What is the dynamic lattice?

A
  • the organised complexity and interrelation of dynamic traits.
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8
Q

What are the 6 stages of personality development?

A
  • 0- 6: influenced by parents and siblings
  • 6-14: slow independence
  • 14-23: emotional disorders and delinquency
  • 23-50: generally productive, career, marriage etc
  • 50 - 65: development in response to physical, social and psychological changes
  • 65 to death: adjustment to different kinds of losses e.g. death of a spouse.
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9
Q

What are surface traits?

A
  • individual’s overt behaviorus e.g. worry
  • cluster together and have high correlations
  • first order traits
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10
Q

What are source traits?

A
  • major dimensons

- consist of constellations (clusters) of surface traits

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11
Q

What is Cattell’s Specification Equation to predict indvidual behaviour in a given situation?

A

P = S1T1 + S2T2…

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12
Q

What is the lexical approach to personality? (i.e. the lexical hypothesis - proposed by Galton)

A
  • if individual differences are important, they should be encoded in language through TRAIT DESCRIPTORS
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13
Q

What are the assumptions of the lexical hypothesis?

A
  • Frequency of word use –> importance of trait
  • NO. of synonyms–> importance of difference
  • Cros-cultural presence–> universality of traits/importance
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14
Q

What were the core ideas of Cattell’s theory of trait development?

A

ALLPORT’S 4508 TRAITS –> reduced to 171 through synonym elimination –> narrowed to 36 through experts’ ratings –> surface traits

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15
Q

What were Cattell’s sources of data?

A

L-DATA: (life record data)- behavioural records collected primarily from peer-ratings e.g. school records
Q-DATA:(questionnaire data)- psychometric self- report assessment
T-DATA: (test data)- objective tests e.g. psychological tests

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16
Q

What are some examples of Cattell’s 16 PFS? (primary factors)?

A
  • warmth
  • reasoning
  • emotional stability
  • dominance
  • liveliness
  • sensitivity
  • vigilance
17
Q

What are some negatives of Cattell’s theory?

A
  • relative inability to replicate 16PF
  • almost exclusively relies on FA and statistics (measurement in psychometrics needs to relate to the comprehensibility rule and rely on qualitative and quantitative factors)
  • beyondism: suggests that the fittest should rule the world (evolutionary theory)
18
Q

What are some positives of Cattell’s theory?

A
  • major contributions to personality and intelligence
  • proposed the state-trait dichotomy
  • his data gave rise to the 5FACTOR MODEL
  • developed the first really viable psychometric assessment
  • major contributions to Behavioural genetics and measurement e.g. MAVA
19
Q

What are some possible psychometric reasons for the inability to replicate Cattell’s 16PF

A
  • rotation used (oblique vs. orthogonal)
  • absence of simple structure (problem with convergence & discriminant validity)
  • response invariance
  • scaling
  • low loadings (low correlations between surface & source traits cos all interrelated)
20
Q

What was Fiske’s (1949) approach to psychometrics?

A
  • took 22 surface traits of Cattell’s and couldn’t replicate it
21
Q

What were Norman and Tupes & Christal’s (1958) approach to psychometrics based on Cattell’s structure?

A
  • took both Cattell and Fiske’s facettes –> found 5 factors
22
Q

What was Lewis Goldberg’s evolution of the lexical taxonomy?

A

Trait- descriptors are versions of 5 major features of personality:

  • love (agreeableness)
  • work (conscientiousness)
  • affect (emotional stability)
  • power (surgency)
  • intellect
23
Q

What was Goldberg’s assesment to create his 5 trait descriptors?

A
  • used the Abridged Big 5- Dimensional Circumplex (a circular model of the personality domain, in which each pair comprises its own circle)
  • the more symmetrical of a shape ppl make, the more healthy you are
24
Q

What was Costa & McCrae’s OCEAN model based on?

A
  • used 16PF but cluster analysed it (not FA)
  • developed the NEO personality inventory (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness)
  • later added Agreeableness & Conscientiousness (added artificially)
25
Q

What were the different parts of the OCEAN’s NEO model?

A
  • hierarchical factorial arrangement (5-pt likert scales)
  • the personality dimensions are orthogonal (PCA, Varimax rotation)
  • the NEO is probably the most validated personality arrangement and most commonly used
26
Q

What does extraversion relate to?

A

(sociability)
- how much
facets (traits): gregarious, warmth, assertivenessness, excitement seeking, positive emotion
- observed behavioural correlates: prominence in social organizations
- heritability index: 0.36

27
Q

What does neuroticism relate to?

A

(emotionality)
- relates to anxiety and distress
observed behavioural correlates: poor marital fning, impaired academic performance
heritability index: 0.31

28
Q

What does agreeableness correlate to?

A
  • maintaing positive relations with others
    observed behavioural correlates: conflict resolution tactics, greater social support from others
    heritability index: 0.28
29
Q

What does conscientiousness relate to?

A

(responsibility)
- relates to will to achieve
Observed behavioural correlates: avoidance of risky behaviours, higher academic achievement
heritability index: 0.28

30
Q

What does openness (to experience) relate to?

A
  • relates to intelligences, will to experience social or existential experience
    Observed behavioural correlates: greater engagement with existential challenges, artistic expression
    Heritability index: 0.46
31
Q

What are some positives of the Big 5?

A
  • good cross-cultural validity and other psychometric properties
  • most commonly used typology in personality research
  • immediate applications in occupation and health
32
Q

What are some negatives of the Big 5?

A
  • disagreement about the exact nature
  • are the dimension really orthogonal (e.g. N & C r=0.45)
  • doesn’t really possess a solid theoretical base
  • honesty- humilty dimension
  • still a descriptive taxonomy

Psyc 2014 (12 decks)

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