Catholicism: Reform, Renewal and expansion Flashcards
What were the 7 sacraments?
Baptism Communion Confirmation Confession Marriage Extreme unction (appointment of the dead) Holy orders
Why do some Catholics reject the notion of a catholic counter reformation?
It suggests that reform wouldn’t have happened if not for Luther and his Protestant following - many catholic figures pushed for reform prior to the inception of the Protestant movement
What were some of grievances catholic figures had with the way catholic traditions were going?
Lack of education of priests
Bishops didn’t live in their Diocese (the area under their jurisdiction) - thus is bishops didn’t live in their Diocese how could they effectively manage their priests?
This called scholars to incline that there may have been more of an internal driving force behind the reformation - recognising internal agency of the church
When was the council of Trent?
1545 - 1563
What was the purpose of the council of Trent?
Numerous decrees were implemented to rid the church of abuses and strengthen Catholicism
The decrees became known as the Tridentine reforms
List some of the Tridentine reforms
Reaffirm authority of the Pope
Restore belief in purgatory
Priest must have education in theocracy and law
Minimum age of 7 for godparents (previously the title of godparents was appointed to young children in the hope of boosting social connections amongst families)
Marriage had to be performed in public in front of a priest (making marriage a religious contract rather than a social indulgence)
What was the congregation of the index?
When was it established?
Comity which oversaw the censorship of literature - an attempt by the church to religious piety
How could it be argued he Church adopted a new method of spreading belief?
Catholic Church seemingly tried to avoid enforcing beliefs on people
- jesuits carried out missionary work using chock tactics - priests would whip themselves or burn themselves with candles to invoke an emotional response and theatrical response
- there was a transition towards an emotional conversation as missionaries would try to renew Catholicism within people through confessionalism rather than confessionalisation
One of the church’s main priorities during the catholic renewal was to emphasise importance of ordinary Catholics knowing the four main prayers.
Starting at 39% in 1550 what did the percentage of catholic believers being able to recite the four main prayers rise to by 1650?
39% in 1550 - 82% in 1650
Who visited Japan on a missionary endeavour in 1580?
Why is he of importance?
Alessandro Valignano
Being one of the first catholic missionary to venture into Asia he drew up a blueprint guiding his contemporaries on how to approach missionary work in Asia
- he encouraged missionaries to be polite, live respectfully and eat Japanese food - he suggested missionaries should work and live amongst native people and try to accommodate them
What controversial idea did Valignano put forward?
What happened shortly after in 1614?
He quite controversially asserted the importance of allowing Japanese believers to become priests
The secular powers in Japan become intolerant of an increasing catholic presence and exiled all foreign missionaries - remaining Japanese priests were executed
Who was Matteo Ricci?
- Conducted missionary work in China
- similarly to Valignano he beloved missionaries should embrace themselves in Asian cultures and customs
- believed Catholicism had a lot of similarities with Confucianism
Why we’re the approaches of Valignano and Ricci interesting?
They embody the institutional renewal within the Catholic Church as new methods of preaching work are implemented to restore belief in Catholicism and expand the sphere of influence
When did Christianity become officially recognised in china?
1692
