Categories of Disabilities and Associated Barriers Flashcards
- Not responding to their name by 12 months of age
- Not playing “pretend” games by 18 months
- Avoiding eye contact/wanting to be alone
- Delayed speech and language skills
- Inability to cope with minor changes
- Obsessive interests
Are all characteristics of which COGNITIVE disability?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Approximately what percentage of people with epilepsy have photosensitive epilepsy?
3%
An anxiety disorder that causes feelings of terror and impending doom is known as…
A. PTSD
B. Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
C. Panic Disorder
D. Phobia
C. Panic Disorder
Which disorder is characterized by exhibiting a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others?
A. Schizophrenia
B. Borderline Personality Disorder
C. Antisocial Personality Disorder
D. Social Anxiety Disorder
C. Antisocial Personality Disorder
What are the three categories of articulation disorders?
- Speech sound disorder
- Phonological process
- Motor Speech
People with low vision can also experience these two things:
Low contrast and color deficiencies
What determines if a person has epilepsy?
If they have two or more seizures or tend to have recurring seizures
What are barriers for people with psychological/psychiatric disabilities?
- Limited availability/affordability of mental healthcare services
- Lack of knowledge among medical professionals for accurate diagnoses and treatment
- Social stigma
At what age range does Autism Spectrum Disorder become apparent?
First 5 years of life
What are the leading causes of vision impairment?
Uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts
What is Deaf-Blindness?
A rare sensory disability that includes both deafness and blindness in an individual
What percentage of adults have a seizure at some point in their lifetime? How many never have another one?
2% will have a seizure; two-thirds will never have another one
Which type of disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviors?
A. Psychological/Psychiatric
B. Intellectual
C. Speech
D. Autism Spectrum Disorders
B. Intellectual
Which type of SPEECH disorder is characterized by the following:
- Leaving sounds off from words
- Adding sounds to words
- Distorting sounds in words
- Swapping sounds in words
Articulation disorder
The majority of people with vision impairment are how old?
Over 50 years of age
Which cognitive disability is thought to be a less severe version of Asperger Syndrome?
Nonverbal Learning Disability
What should video and audio transcripts include?
All of the narration, dialogue, and other important sounds
Multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, partial or complete paralysis, and arthritis are all examples of what type of disability?
A. Multiple/compound disabilities
B. Cognitive Disabilities
C. Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
D. Mobility/Flexibility/Body Structure Disabilities
D. Mobility/Flexibility/Body Structure Disabilities
What is dysarthria?
Muscles for speech production are impaired causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a hoarse/breathy voice
According to the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, what are the three criteria that determine that an individual has an intellectual disability?
- IQ below 70-75
- Significant limitations in two or more adaptive areas
- Condition manifests before the age of 18
Photosensitive epilepsy is a condition in which seizures are triggered by…
Flashing or flickering lights or patterns
Symptoms of ADHD usually appear by what age?
7 years old
How common are reading disabilities such as Dyslexia?
Estimated 70-80% of all people with reading difficulties
What is Central Auditory Processing Disorder?
Difficulty hearing and understanding speech even though no measurable hearing loss exists
TRUE or FALSE:
For people who are born deaf, printed or digital text can be akin to reading a foreign language.
True
What is the U.S. legal definition of blindness?
Visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses or a field of vision that is 20 degrees in the eye with the best vision
Being able to perceive light versus dark, or the general shape of large objects BUT unable to read text or recognize people by sight is characteristic of which disability?
Blindness
Children with deficits in:
- Intellectual functioning
- Adaptive skills
- Motor Skills
- Sensory Functioning
- Communication skills
Typically fall into which category of disability?
Multiple/Compound
What characterizes Nonverbal Learning Disability?
Normal intelligence and language development, but trouble with social skills, sensory input, and making transitions
What is Dyscalculia?
An inability to understand arithmetic and how to calculate
What disabilities are in the AUDITORY category?
- Deafness
- Hard of Hearing
- Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
- ADHD
- Language impairment
- Learning disabilities
- Social and emotional delays
- Cognitive deficits
Can often be confused with which hearing disorder?
Central Auditory Processing Disorder
Body size and stature disabilities affect…
A person’s stature, proportions, or body shape
Which of the following is NOT a method for making text more readable for someone with low vision?
A. Zoom or magnify text on the screen
B. Use synchronized video captions
C. Change text and background colors for better contrast
D. Use a screen reader
B. Use synchronized video captions
Which type of mutism is often a manifestation of extreme forms of other speech disorders such as aphasia, apraxia, or dysarthria?
Neurogenic
What are the main types of COGNITIVE disabilities?
- Intellectual disabilities
- Reading and Dyslexia
- Math and computation
- ADHD
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Non-verbal Learning Disability
True or False: Accommodations for people with multiple disabilities are addressed case-by-case.
True
A developmental problem characterized by inattention and impulsivity is…
A. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
B. Dysgraphia
C. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
D. CAPD
C. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Soreness, localized pain, shortness of breath, trembling, a weak grip, and cramps are symptoms of what type of disability?
A. Muscle Fatigue
B. Manual dexterity/fine motor control
C. Multiple/compound disabilities
D. Seizure disorders
A. Muscle fatigue
What are some barriers for people with cognitive disabilities when navigating the web?
- Complex page layouts and navigation
- Long blocks of text
- Animated or blinking images
- Web browsers/media players with no option to turn off animations or audio
- Short term memory loss
Who is most commonly affected by red-green colorblindness?
Males
Which speech disability is categorized by repeating words or parts of words, prolonged speech sounds, or stopped/blocked speech sounds?
Stuttering
What SPEECH disabilities are caused primarily by damage to the brain?
Aphasia, dysarthria
What disabilities are in the SPEECH category?
- Articulation
- Aphasia
- No Speech/Mutism
What is NOT included within the category of multiple/compound disabilities?
Deaf-blindness
Which disorder involves difficulties producing specific types of sounds?
Articulation disorder
What is apraxia?
Difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words
What are the two generally recognized categories of Schizophrenia
Positive and negative
What are the main symptoms of ADHD?
- Inattention
- Distractibility
- Impulsivity
- Hyperactivity
Strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations are characteristic of…
Phobias
What percentage of the world’s population is deafblind?
Between 0.2-2%
What is muscle fatigue?
A common non-specific symptom experienced by many people and associated with many health conditions, defined as an overall sense of tiredness
- Trouble grasping the meaning of quantities or concepts like biggest vs. smallest
- Understanding that the numeral 5 is the same as the word five
- Remembering math facts like times tables
- Counting money
- Estimating time
Are all examples of which Cognitive disability?
Dyscalculia
How common is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Approx. 1 in 160 children worldwide
What are some symptoms a person can experience during a seizure?
- Visual hallucinations
- Inability to speak
- Convulsions
- Loss of muscle tone
- Staring
- Biting the tongue
- Loss of control of the bladder or bowels
At what rate are flashing/flickering lights most likely to cause seizures?
A. Between 5 and 14 times per second
B. Between 16 and 25 times per second
C. Between 20 and 40 times per second
D. Between 60 and 100 times per second
B. Between 16 and 25 times per second
Characteristics of an intellectual disability may include:
A. Sitting up, crawling, or walking later than other children.
B. Learning to talk later, or having trouble speaking.
C. Having trouble understanding social rules.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What percentage of adults in the US have mobility disabilities?
3.5%
A personality disorder in which a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image is known as…
Borderline Personality Disorder
What is Mutism and what causes it?
An inability to speak
Can be caused by:
- Damage to brain and/or speech muscles
- Emotional or psychological reasons
- A combination of causes
What are some barriers for people with body size or shape disabilities?
- Seating that is too small or the wrong height
- Appliances or controls that are out of reach and do not have voice commands
- Steps, thresholds, and other obstacles to enter a space
- Body shaming and social discrimination
When a person has trouble moving muscles required to talk, it is considered a ________ disorder.
Motor speech (Articulation)
People who are hard of hearing may communicate in these ways:
- Sign language
- Spoken language
- Both, depending on the situation
True or False: Depression is a brain disorder that causes a person to experience both happy and sad feelings.
False
What is colorblindness?
A sensory disability that impairs a person’s ability to distinguish certain color combinations
What are some common types of anxiety disorders?
- Panic Disorder
- Phobias
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Which disorder involves difficulties producing specific types of sounds?
Articulation disorder
Aphasia is caused by…
Injury to the brain: from stroke, head trauma, brain tumors, or infections
- Inability to recognize words or understand what is being said
- Inability to speak or having difficulty saying what they mean
- Difficulty forming sentences and omitting words
Are all characteristics of _______
Aphasia
This type of speech disability is characterized by involuntary repetition or disruption of speech sounds. A. Apraxia B. Stuttering C. Cluttering D. Dysarthria
B. Stuttering
What characterizes positive schizophrenia?
Visual and auditory hallucinations and delusions
At what point does a mental illness become a disability?
When the mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities
What are the common types of Motor speech disabilities?
- Stuttering
- Cluttering
- Apraxia
- Dysarthria
Which disability often co-occurs with epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and ADHD?
A. Psychological/psychiatric disabilities
B. CAPD
C. Autism Spectrum Disorder
D. Aphasia
C. Autism Spectrum Disorder
An anxiety disorder where a person has perpetually upsetting, distressing thoughts is known as…
A. Panic Disorder
B. Phobia
C. Schizophrenia
D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
TRUE or FALSE: Most hard of hearing people can use the phone and hearing aids.
True
A disability that is characterized by:
- An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors
- Inability to maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers
- A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
Is known as what?
A. Emotional disturbance/Emotional disability
B. Social Anxiety Disorder
C. Nonverbal Learning Disability
D. Behavioral Disability
A. Emotional disturbance/Emotional disability
What are the main categories of disability?
- Visual
- Auditory
- Deaf-Blindness
- Speech
- Mobility/Flexibility/Body Structure
- Cognitive
- Seizure
- Psychological/Psychiatric
- Multiple/Compound
Which of the following disorders can cause a person to experience hallucinations and delusions? A. Positive schizophrenia B. Depression C. Negative schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder
A. Positive schizophrenia
What are web accessibility barriers for people with Deaf-Blindness?
- Lack of output to a braille keyboard
- Lack of transcripts for video or audio materials made available in braille
What is Hard of Hearing?
Hearing loss ranging from mild to severe
What are AUDITORY disabilities?
Disabilities ranging from partial to complete hearing loss
An impairment affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write is known as _________.
A. Dysarthria
B. Aphasia
C. Articulation Disorder
D. Apraxia
B. Aphasia
What is acromegaly and what type of disability is it?
Increased bone size; Body Structure disability
What is a mobility disability?
Affects a person’s ability to move independently and purposely
Co-concurring conditions such as muscle weakness and fatigue, hearing loss, vision loss, cardiopulmonary disorders, and diabetes can be associated with what type of disability?
A. Multiple/Compound disabilities
B. Psychological/Psychiatric
C. Muscle Fatigue
D. Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure
D. Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure
Which type of disability is the most common? A. Blindness or low vision B. Color blindness C. Auditory disabilities D. Motor disabilities E. Cognitive Disabilities
E. Cognitive Disabilities
A disorder in which a person feels anxiety or fear in
certain or all social situations, such as meeting new people, being on a job
interview, answering a question in class, or having to talk to a cashier in a store is known as…
Social Anxiety Disorder
What are the categories of MOBILITY disabilities?
- Manual dexterity/fine motor control
- Ambulation
- Muscle fatigue
- Body size or shape
What are a deafblind person’s primary methods of communication?
Touch: braille to access text, sign language to access conversations
What are some of the characteristics of emotional disturbance?
- Hyperactivity
- Aggression/self-injurious behavior
- Withdrawal
- Immaturity
- Learning difficulties
What is deafness?
Total or near total loss of hearing
Impaired social behavior, communication and language as well as a narrow range of interests and activities carried out repetitively are characteristics of what disability?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mobility disabilities can be present in the following cases:
A. From birth or as the result of a disease
B. Temporarily, permanently, or periodically/recurring
C. As a result of aging
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
How many people globally have a vision impairment that could have been prevented/has yet to be addressed?
At least 1 billion
Negative schizophrenia is characterized by…
- Lack of motivation
- Dreary mood
- Self isolation
When there are patterns of not saying words correctly, it is considered a ________ disorder.
Phonological process (Articulation)
Uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with daily activities, or “not enough vision to do what you need to do” is known as ________.
Low Vision
What assistive technologies are used by people with MOBILITY, FLEXIBILITY, and BODY STRUCTURE disabilities when navigating the web?
Mouth stick, vertical keyboards, one-handed keyboard, expanded keyboard, speech recognition software
What are seizure disabilities?
When a seizure disorder interferes with a person’s regular activities
Congenital conditions (such as cerebral palsy), disease, amputation, arthritis, or back injury are all possible causes of what type of disability?
A. Body size/shape
B. Ambulation
C. Multiple/compound disabilities
D. Seizure disorders
B. Ambulation
A disability that affects a person’s ability to manipulate and control objects, produce legible handwriting, and dress independently is what?
A. An ambulation disability
B. A muscle fatigue disability
C. A manual dexterity/fine motor control disability
D. A cognitive disability
C. A manual dexterity/fine motor control disability
TRUE OR FALSE: Most people who are Deaf-blind are both completely deaf and completely blind.
False
Dyslexia can be a result of:
A. Genetic predisposition/inheritance
B. As a result of brain injury or dementia
C. Other developmental disabilities
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
What is Dyslexia?
A learning disability that impairs a person’s ability to read
What is blindness?
A sensory disability involving nearly complete vision loss
What are web accessibility barriers for people with SPEECH disabilities?
Lack of text-based alternatives for speech communication
What does an ambulation disability affect?
The ability to walk from place to place independently
The most important consideration for designing web content for someone with motor disabilities is the inability to use: A. The hands B. The legs C. The eyes D. The mouth
A. The hands
TRUE or FALSE: Everyone who is deaf or hard of hearing knows and speaks in sign language.
False
What is the most common form of color blindness?
Red-green
Acromegaly, dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity are examples of what type of disability?
Mobility/Body size or shape
Statistics show that what percentage of the world’s population has rheumatoid arthritis?
A. 0.5%
B. 1%
C. 2.5%
3. 4%
B. 1%
What are the primary web accessibility concerns for people with AUDITORY disabilities?
For audio-only: lack of transcripts of the audio
For video: lack of synchronized captions and transcripts
A person with _____ will typically need magnification to see well enough to read or discern other details.
Low Vision
What are the types of Mutism?
- Neurogenic
2. Psychogenic
Which disability is characterized by the inability to interpret, organize, or analyze what is heard?
Central Auditory Processing Disorder
What are barriers for people with seizure disabilities?
- Activities where a loss of consciousness could case serious harm
- Driving
- Multimedia and technologies with moving/blinking/flickering content
- Web browsers that do not provide controls to stop or turn off videos or animations
What disabilities fall under the VISUAL category?
Blindness, Colorblindness, Low Vision
People with photosensitive epilepsy can have seizures:
A. Only triggered by flashing/flickering lights
B. Triggered by flashing/flickering lights or patterns
C. Not triggered by flashing/flickering lights
D. B and C
D. B and C
What percentage of the population is estimated to have Central Auditory Processing Disorder?
5 percent
What type of disability include problems in a person’s perception, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
Psychological/Psychiatric
How many people globally have a vision impairment or blindness?
At least 2.2 billion
What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders worldwide?
Varies from 2.5-7% by country
What are two common personality disorders?
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
How much of the global population is estimated to have an intellectual disability?
Between 1-3%; about 200 million people
What are the types of PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHIATRIC disabilities?
- Social disabilities
- Emotional disabilities
- Behavior disabilities
Individuals with mild-to-moderate hearing loss who may still be able to use an auditory device for assistance to adequately process speech have which auditory disability?
Hard of Hearing
What are the common types of mood disorders?
- Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
What is a seizure?
A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain
What are the three types of psychogenic mutism?
- Selective (chooses not to speak)
- Selective (wants to speak but unable to in certain situations due to anxiety)
- Total (does not speak at all)
What is Dysgraphia?
An inability to draw or copy figures and graphs
What defines multiple/compound disabilities?
When more than one disability is present within a person at the same time
What are some of the main web accessibility challenges for people who are blind?
- Unable to see/difficult to see digital or electronic interfaces
- Unable to use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind
Inability to perceive text or process the meaning of words, phrases, and ideas are characteristics of which disability?
Dyslexia
Disorders in which a person’s behaviors and experiences persistently deviate from cultural expectations are known as…
Personality disorders
What are some causes of blindness?
- Diabetes
- Macular degeneration
- Glaucoma
- Accidents/traumatic injuries
- Stroke
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
Disabilities which involve a pattern of disruptive behaviors in children that last for at least 6 months and cause problems in school, at home, and in social situations are known as what?
Behavioral disabilities
What barriers do people with SPEECH disabilities face?
Lack of text-based alternatives for speech communication
What percentage of people are estimated to have Dyscalculia?
Estimated 3-6% of people
