Accessibility and Universal Design Flashcards
What is the biggest and most important benefit of accessibility?
Improves people’s lives
What are benefits of accessible design for businesses and organizations?
- Improves public perception of business
- Increased compatibility with platforms/browsers/devices
- Improves SEO
- Increased customer base
- Funding eligibility
- Avoid lawsuits
What are examples of accessible designs that benefit people without disabilities?
- Curb cuts on sidewalks
- Elevators
- Dual height water fountains
- Automatic doors
The design of products and the environment so that it can be accessed, understood and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of their age, size, ability or disability is known as…
Universal Design
How do families and society benefit from accessibility?
Benefit from contributions of people with a variety of abilities/disabilities
How do schools/employers, groups, and organizations benefit from accessibility?
Benefit from increases in innovation and improvements to problem solving brought on by diversity/inclusion
What is an example of an accommodation that a student who is deaf might need in a lecture class?
Sign language interpreter
Providing a notetaker in class is an example of:
A. Universal Design
B. Accessibility
C. Convenience
D. Accommodation
D. Accommodation
What are the four main principles of web accessibility?
- Perceivable
- Operable
- Understandable
- Robust
What is Perceivability?
Making the output of web content available through multi-sensory modalities aligns with which principle of web accessibility
____ is the most effective alternative method of perceiving the web for a majority of people who are blind.
Sound/hearing
How is digital content made perceivable for people who are unable to adequately view or listen to web pages?
Screen reader converts digital text to braille via a refreshable braille device
What is the most universally accessible digital format?
Text
Providing a digital text description of an image or a digital text transcript of a video or audio recording is an example of which web accessibility principle?
Perceivability
What does ARIA stand for?
Accessible Rich Internet Applications
Using ARIA live regions in web content is an example of which web accessibility principle?
Perceivability
Using code to announce when a tab is expanded/collapsed or an error/confirmation is an example of…
ARIA
What is web accessibility?
Ability of a website or application to be understood by a wide range of people including those with disabilities
Web accessibility combines _____ with ______ to create websites and applications that are accessible to a broad spectrum of people.
A. Disability etiquette, ARIA
B. Functional solutions, web design
C. Web development and standards, universal design principles
D. Universal design principles, disability etiquette
C. Web development and standards, universal design principles
Providing text alternatives for non-text content, Providing captions for multimedia, and making it easier for users to hear and see content are examples of which web accessibility principle?
Perceivability
What is OPERABILITY?
Making web functional to a wide range of input devices
The usability of a mouse/touchpad, keyboard, touchscreen, voice recognition software, and other input devices on a website are affected by which web accessibility principle?
Operability
The goal of ______ is to ensure that web components work.
Operability
Longer session timeouts with a notification on a page with a form is an example of which web accessibility principle?
Operability
Which input device has near-universal operability of web content?
Keyboard
Making all functionality, giving users enough time to read content, and not using content that can cause seizures/physical reactions are examples of which web accessibility principle?
Operability
What is UNDERSTANDABILITY?
Making content and interfaces that people can easily comprehend
Why is it important to specify the language of a web page’s content within the markup of the page?
So that a screen reader will read using the correct pronunciation rules of the language
Breaking up long passages of text with headings, shorter paragraphs and lists is an example of which web accessibility principle?
Understandability
What can be done to make web content as UNDERSTANDABLE as possible for people with various kinds of cognitive disabilities who cannot read or process text?
Provide supplemental formats
Maintaining a consistent look and feel across different pages of a website is an example of which principle of web accessibility?
Understandability
Visibly noting/communicating a minimum number and the types of characters that should be used when creating a password is an example of which principle of web accessibility?
Understandability
What steps can be taken to make sure that web content best meets the web accessibility principle of being UNDERSTANDABLE?
- Make text readable and easy to comprehend
- Make content appear and operate in predictable ways
- Help users avoid and correct mistakes
Robustness is about ensuring…
Compatibility across a broad range of current and future user agents
User agents are…
A. People who use the web
B. Browsers and other web devices
C. People who help other people with disabilities use the web
D. Software developers
B. Browsers and other web devices
Making sure that web content is usable and accessible across different versions of the same browser is an example of which web accessibility principle?
Robustness
Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can be accessed through multiple biological senses? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust
A. Perceivable
Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific input devices is an application of which principle? A. Understandable B. Operable C. Robust D. Perceivable
B. Operable
Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle? A. Robust B. Perceivable C. Operable D. Understandable
C. Operable
True or False: Making sure that web content is robust means making sure that content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend.
False
Ensuring that navigation features like a menu are consistent across the entire website is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Understandable C. Operable D. Robust
B. Understandable
Link text that communicates the purpose and/or destination of the link is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust
B. Operable
Allowing users to extend a time limit on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Robust B. Understandable C. Operable D. Perceivable
C. Operable
An audio description track for a video tour of a facility is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Understandable B. Operable C. Perceivable D. Robust
C. Perceivable
Functionality on a web page that is both mouse and keyboard accessible is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Operable B. Perceivable C. Understandable D. Robust
A. Operable
Important information that is communicated using both color and text is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust
A. Perceivable
Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Operable B. Understandable C. Robust D. Perceivable
B. Understandable
High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust
A. Perceivable
Creating designs that apply to people with or without disabilities is known as... A. Accessibility B. Universal Design C. Adaptive Strategy D. UX Design
B. Universal Design
Universal design is a _____ approach, while providing accommodations is a ______ approach.
Proactive; Reactive
What are accommodations?
Specific adjustments made to meet the needs of a person with a disability
How do we make images accessible for people who are unable to see them (i.e. people who are blind)?
Add alt text
What is alt text?
Image description added to the code that will be read by a screen reader
Why is it bad to only rely on color to convey meaning in text?
- Not all people can see colors or distinguish certain combinations of colors
- Screen readers will not mention colors
How can video and audio media be made accessible for people who cannot see or hear?
- Synchronized captions
- Synchronized audio descriptions
- Text transcripts
Why is it important for link text to use clear/meaningful language?
- So that a screen reader user navigating with the tab key will understand where the link will take them
- Makes navigation more understandable for people with cognitive disabilities
Why is it important to use appropriate HTML headings in page content?
- Organizes the content so it is easy to understand the structure of the page
- Speeds up navigation for screen readers
How do you make tables of data accessible so that screen readers read it correctly?
Associate header cells with corresponding data cells in the HTML
What is required for form elements to be accessible for screen readers and why
A label explicitly associated with the form element
What properties need to be marked up in order for Javascript elements to be made accessible?
- Name
- Role
- State
What must be done to make a PDF document accessible?
- Be in “tagged PDF” format
- Content edited for reading order, tab order, and other semantic/structural markup
A PDF with text marked as headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, and other semantic elements is known as…
a tagged PDF
Using good link text is important because:
A. Poorly labeled link text will take users to the wrong page.
B. Poorly labeled links won’t be clickable.
C. When screen reader users hear poor link text out of context they won’t know where the link goes.
D. Good link text will entice users to click it.
C. When screen reader users hear poor link text out of context they won’t know where the link goes.
Which of the following would make podcasts accessible to a person who is deaf? A. Audio Descriptions B. Captions C. Color Coding D. Transcripts
D. Transcripts
Which of the following helps make videos accessible to a person who is blind?
A. A description in alternative text
B. Audio descriptions describing what happens on-screen
C. Including captions of speech in the video
D. Images with descriptive text overlayed on top of the image
B. Audio descriptions describing what happens on-screen
Which of the following is true about data tables?
A. Data tables are natively accessible to screen reader users.
B. For data tables to be accessible to screen reader users, header cells must be associated with all cells in the row or column.
C. Accessibility of data tables depends on the type of data represented.
D. Data tables can’t be made accessible to screen reader users.
B. For data tables to be accessible to screen reader users, header cells must be associated with all cells in the row or column.
All of the following are true except:
A. Screen readers need real HTML heading tags, rather than styled text, to interpret the page structure for the user.
B. Screen readers allow users to jump from one heading to the next, skip to a section of the page, or read an outline of the page contents.
C. By default, screen readers start reading a page at the beginning of the main content.
D. Providing a “skip navigation” link allows screen reader users to skip to the page’s main content.
C. By default, screen readers start reading a page at the beginning of the main content.
Which of the following is true about PDF documents?
A. Tagged PDF documents are more accessible than HTML documents.
B. Adobe Acrobat Pro is required to make tagged PDFs.
C. VoiceOver, the only Mac screen reader, cannot read PDF documents.
D. The free Adobe Acrobat Reader cannot read tagged PDF documents.
B. Adobe Acrobat Pro is required to make tagged PDFs.
What are the seven principles of Universal Design?
- Equitable Use
- Flexibility in Use
- Simple and Intuitive Use
- Perceptible Information
- Tolerance for Error
- Low Physical Effort
- Size and Space for Approach and Use
When were the seven principles of Universal Design first developed and by whom?
1997, a group of architects at North Carolina State University
Sidewalks that are wheelchair accessible and have curb cuts that orient people who are blind, assist people with motor disabilities and people who walk with objects such as carts and strollers are an example of which Universal Design principle?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
B. Equitable Use
Detectable warnings built into curb cuts that warn people who are blind that they are approaching a street are an example of which Universal Design principle?
A. Perceptible Information
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Equitable Use
A. Perceptible Information
Sidewalks that are smooth and absent of bumps and cracks are an example of which Universal Design principle?
A. Simple and Intuitive Use
B. Perceptible Information
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
C. Low Physical Effort
A sidewalk wide enough for use of assistive technologies (e.g., rollators, wheelchairs) is an example of which Universal Design principle?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Size and Space for Approach and Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Equitable Use
B. Size and Space for Approach and Use
A building that has the same entrance for all people, such as a flat entrance or ramps built into stairs, is an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
B. Equitable Use
Elevators provided for access to multiple levels in buildings that can be used by a wide variety of people is an example of…
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Size and Space for Approach and Use
D. Simple and Intuitive Use
A. Equitable Use
Elevators with buttons that are tactile or have braille on them and provide visual and audio feedback that announces each floor level are an example of…
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Perceptible Information
D. Perceptible Information
Doorbells that can be programmed to send vibrating signals to a device are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Perceptible Information
D. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Perceptible Information
Electronic doors with sensors and flat entryways that everyone can use are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
C. Low Physical Effort
Bathroom labels that are both visual and tactile are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Perceptible Information
B. Equitable Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Simple and Intuitive Use
A. Perceptible Information
Bathrooms that serve the needs of diverse individuals by providing hands-free faucets, automatic flushing, and handles for support are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Low Physical Effort
C. Size and Space for Approach and Use
D. Equitable Use
B. Low Physical Effort
Bathrooms that provide sufficient space for maneuverability of body and assistive technologies are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
Drinking fountains that are placed at varying heights to accommodate different users are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Low Physical Effort
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
A. Flexibility in Use
Drinking fountains that have auto-detecting features are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Low Physical Effort
D. Low Physical Effort
Taxis that have wheelchair access and credit card or cash payment options are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Flexibility in Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Low Physical Effort
A. Flexibility in Use
Shelves placed at lower heights to accommodate diverse needs of shoppers are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Size and Space for Approach and Use
B. Equitable Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Low Physical Effort
C. Flexibility in Use
Larger clickable areas and fonts help prevent users who are visually impaired or have motor disabilities from making mistakes and recover are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Simple and Intuitive Use
B. Perceptible Information
C. Tolerance for Error
D. Low Physical Effort
C. Tolerance for Error
Standardized signs that have depictions that are visually intuitive and communicate important information in a simple manner are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Perceptible Information
D. Tolerance for Error
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
Visual signs that also present the same information in audio and braille formats are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Perceptible Information
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
A. Perceptible Information
Printed materials that use language that can be understood by a wide range of users are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Perceptible Information
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
Providing alternative options for printed materials, such as braille, large print, and electronic formats
is an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Perceptible Information
D. Perceptible Information
Microwaves that have tactile interfaces, such as dials, or touchscreen interface and larger buttons are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Perceptible Information
B. Flexibility in Use
Microwaves that provide visual and audio feedback and have tactile markers are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Perceptible Information
B. Flexibility in Use
C. Simple and Intuitive Use
D. Size and Space for Approach and Use
A. Perceptible Information
Televisions that allow the use of personal or assistive devices, or voice control, to operate hardware are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Perceptible Information
B. Equitable Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Low Physical Effort
C. Flexibility in Use
Remote controls with fewer buttons that make using the television and program menus easier are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Perceptible Information
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
Televisions that have clearer, larger visuals and audio output for on-screen menu options and that allow users to enable captions and audio descriptions are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Perceptible Information
D. Perceptible Information
Mobile devices that provide a range of options for users to operate device such as a screen reader with modified gestures, zoom, tabbing, and changing high contrast settings are an example of which principle of Universal Design?
A. Equitable Use
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Flexibility in Use
D. Perceptible Information
C. Flexibility in Use
Presenting information about a product or design in different formats adheres to which principle? A. Perceptible Information B. Flexibility in Use C. Simple and Intuitive Use D. Tolerance for Error
A. Perceptible Information
Principle 5 of Universal Design, Tolerance for Error, looks for the design of a product or service to:
A. Be effortless to use
B. Present different options for use
C. Allow for use regardless of a person’s size or abilities
D. Prevent mistakes or mishaps from occurring
D. Prevent mistakes or mishaps from occurring
Which of the following is an example of Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use?
A. Step-by-step instructions that utilize minimal wording and provide clear visuals that illustrate each step.
B. Base cabinets in a kitchen where the doors can be removed to create knee space for cooking and washing dishes.
C. A smoke alarm that uses both sound and flashing lights for alerts.
D. Hallways that have handrails along the walls.
A. Step-by-step instructions that utilize minimal wording and provide clear visuals that illustrate each step.
- Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible;
equivalent when not. - Avoiding segregating or stigmatizing any users.
Are indicative of which Universal Design principle?
Equitable Use
Providing choice in methods of use and adaptability to the user’s space are indicative of which Universal Design principle?
Flexibility in Use
Accommodating both right- or left-handed access is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Flexibility in Use
Providing effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
Using different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Perceptible Information
Discouraging unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Tolerance for Error
Allowing a user to maintain a neutral body position and minimizing repetitive actions are examples of which Universal Design Principle?
Low Physical Effort
Accommodating variations in hand and grip size is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Size and Shape for Approach and Use
Providing a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user is an example of which Universal Design Principle?
Size and Shape for Approach and Use
What are the principles of Universal Design for Learning?
- Multiple Means of Engagement
- Multiple Means of Representation
- Multiple Means of Action and Expression
What is Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
An approach to designing curricula that eliminates barriers in the learning environment to improve educational experiences for all learners
What are the three primary brain networks?
- Recognition
- Strategic
- Affective
Which type of brain network is involved in perceiving and gathering information, understanding ideas, recalling facts, and recognizing voices and language?
Recognition
Which type of brain network is involved in planning and organizing tasks, connecting ideas together, executing actions and demonstrating skills.
Strategic
Which type of brain network is involved when learners apply the knowledge they have acquired?
Strategic
Which type of brain network is involved in enabling us to assign significant or personal meaning to newly acquired knowledge and discover what stimulates us during the learning process?
Affective
Which UDL principle focuses on ensuring variety in instructional delivery?
A. Multiple Means of Engagement
B. Multiple Means of Representation
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
B. Multiple Means of Representation
- Providing Options for Perception
- Providing Options for Language/Mathematical Expressions and Symbols
- Providing options for Comprehension
are guidelines for which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Engagement
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
A. Multiple Means of Representation
Giving learners multiple options to demonstrate what they know is the core of which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Engagement
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
- Providing options for physical action
- Providing options for expression and communication
- Providing options for executive functions
are guidelines for which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
C. Multiple Means of Engagement
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Providing multiple ways to get learners involved in their education is the core of which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
C. Multiple Means of Engagement
C. Multiple Means of Engagement
- Providing Options for Recruiting Interest
- Providing Options for Sustaining Effort and Persistence
- Providing Options for Self-Regulation
are guidelines for which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Engagement
B. Multiple Means of Representation
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
A. Multiple Means of Engagement
Helping students make personal connections to information and inviting them to participate and reflect on their learning is an example of which UDL principle?
A. Multiple Means of Engagement
B. Multiple Means of Representation
C. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
A. Multiple Means of Engagement
Encouraging students to connect goal and objectives to their own personal interests is an example of which UDL principle?
a. Multiple Means of Representation
b. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
c. Multiple Means of Engagement
c. Multiple Means of Engagement
For each reading assignment in her classroom, Mrs. Smith requires her students to complete a handout. She uses these handouts to measure her students’ understanding of the reading assignments. While some of her students do well on these handouts, she finds that quite a few students repeatedly struggle to obtain good grades on them. Which principle of UDL might help Mrs. Smith see that most, if not all, of her students may actually understand their reading assignments?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
C. Multiple Means of Engagement
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Ensuring that students have the background knowledge for learning new information is a guideline for which principle of UDL?
A. Multiple Means of Representation
B. Multiple Means of Action and Expression
C. Multiple Means of Engagement
A. Multiple Means of Representation
Affective brain networks:
A. Enable us to gather information and collect facts.
B. Enable us to be engaged in the information we learn.
C. Allow us to organize information and demonstrate acquired skills.
D. None of the these.
B. Enable us to be engaged in the information we learn.
What is Usability in web/interactive design?
The ease of access and/or use of a product or website
What three aspects must designers focus on in usability?
- Users should find it easy and become proficient when using a website
- Users should be able to achieve their goal easily through using the design
- Users should be able to learn the interface easily
What are the core components of User Experience (UX)?
- Usability
- Useful content
- Desirable content
- Accessibility
- Credibility
What are the 5 e’s of usability?
- Effective
- Efficient
- Easy to learn
- Error tolerant
- Engaging
If navigating a website is unclear, or its structure is illogical, and extremely complex for all users, the issues the website has are:
A. Usability issues
B. Accessibility issues
A. Usability issues
Buildings that provide ramps as an alternative for steps or have flat entryways resolve which type of an issue:
A. A usability issue
B. An accessibility issue
B. An accessibility issue
