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Year Two - Ophthalmology > Cataracts > Flashcards

Cataracts Flashcards

1
Q

What are cataracts?

A

It is defined as a condition in which the lens in the eye becomes opacified

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiological consequence of cataracts?

A

There is reduced visual acuity due to less light reaching the retina

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness worldwide?

A

Cataracts

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4
Q

What are the four classifications of cataracts?

A

Nuclear Cataracts

Cortical Cataracts

Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts

Congenital Cataracts

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5
Q

What are nuclear cataracts?

A

They are caused by sclerosis of the lens nucleus and lens refractive index

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6
Q

Which patient group tend to be affected by nuclear cataracts?

A

Elderly

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7
Q

What are the two clinical features assoicated with nuclear cataracts?

A

Myopia

Colour Dullness

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8
Q

What are cortical cataracts?

A

They are caused by opacifications of the lens cortex

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9
Q

How do cortical cataracts present on opthalmoscopy?

A

Spokes of a wheel around the edge of the lens

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10
Q

What are posteior subcapsular cataracts?

A

They are caused by opacifications of posterior aspect of the lens capsule

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11
Q

Which patient group tend to be affected by posterior subcapsular catarcts?

A

Younger Patients Who Are Administered Steroids

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12
Q

What is the clincial feature associated with posterior subcapsular cataracts?

A

Light Glare

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13
Q

What are the two risk factors of congential cataracts?

A

Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Genetic Predisposition

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14
Q

When do congential cataracts present?

A

Newborn Examination

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15
Q

What is the feature of congential cataracts on newborn exmination?

A

Red Reflex Absence

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16
Q

How do we manage congential cataract patients? Why?

A

An urgent referral to ophthalmology to conduct surgery in the first six weeks of life

To prevent amblyopia

17
Q

What is ambylopia?

A

It is permanent visual loss due to the brain neglecting the eye

18
Q

What are the eight risk factors associated with cataracts?

A

Increasing Age
Ocular Trauma
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypocalcaemia
UV Exposure
Smoking
Alcoholism
Steroid Administration

19
Q

What is the most common risk factor associated with cataracts?

A

Increasing Age

20
Q

Do the clinical features of cataracts tend to present unilaterally or bilaterally?

A

Unilaterally

21
Q

What are the seven clincial features of cataracts?

A

Reduced Visual Acuity
Progressive Blurred Vision
Light Glare
Light Haloes or ‘Starbursts’
Colour Dullness
Reduced Red Reflex
Clouded Lens

22
Q

What are the two investigations used to diagnose cataracts?

A

Ophthalmoscope
Slit-Lamp Examination

23
Q

What is the feature of cataracts on opthalmoscope?

A

A normal fundus and optic nerve

24
Q

What are the two features of cataracts on slit-lamp examination?

A

Reduced Red Reflex
Clouded Lens

25
Q

When is conservative management recommended to treat cataracts?

A

In cases where clinical features don’t have an effect on the patient’s quality of life

26
Q

What are the five conservative management options of cataracts?

A

Stronger Glasses/Contract Lenses
Smoking Cessation
Steroid Cessation
Reduced UV Exposure
Diabetes Mellitus Control

27
Q

What is the surgical management option of cataracts?

A

Phacoemulsification

28
Q

What is phacoemulsification?

A

It involves breaking the lens into fragments with ultrasound, removal of these fragments and implantation with an artificial lens

29
Q

What is referral for cataract surgery dependent on?

A

Whether visual impairment is present

The impact on quality of life

The patient’s choice

30
Q

What are the four surgical complications of cataracts?

A

Posterior Capsule Opacification
Endophthalmitis
Retinal Detachment
Posterior Capsule Rupture

31
Q

How do posterior capsule opacification complications present?

A

The patients will present with returning clincial features months to years after surgery

32
Q

How do we treat posterior capsule opacification complications?

A

Capsulotomy

33
Q

What is capsulotomy?

A

This is when lasers are used to make a hole in the capsule to allow light to pass through

34
Q

What is endopthalmitis?

A

It is an infection of the queous and/or vitreous humour

35
Q

What are the four clinical features of endopthalmitis?

A

Retinal Periphlebitis
Eye Pain
Red Eye
Worsening Vision

36
Q

How do we treat endopthalmitis?

A

Intravitral antibiotic injections

37
Q

What is the pathophysiological consequence of untreated endopthalmitis?

A

Vision loss

Year Two - Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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