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Cornea & Lens and Cataract > Cataract > Flashcards

Cataract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 enzymes that protect against free radicals or oxygen damage?

A
  1. Glutathione peroxidase
  2. Catalase
  3. Superoxide dismutase
  4. VITAMIN E
  5. ASORBIC ACID
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2
Q

What are the 3 ways which glucose is metabolized by the lens and which provides the most high-energy phosphate bonds required for lens metabolism?

A
  1. Anaerobic (78%)
  2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (5%)
  3. Sorbitol (5% - when no hexokinase is used)
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3
Q

Which cataract has disruption of water and electrolyte balance?

A

Cortical cataracts (NOT NUCLEAR)

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4
Q

Is Na or K high in the lens?

A

K (Na high in aqueous and vitreous)

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5
Q

Is Ca higher inside or outside the len?

A

Inside

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6
Q

How does glucose enter the lens?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathtic control accommodation?

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

What lens changes are seen in Peter’s Anomaly?

A

Microspherophakia

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9
Q

Microspherophakia makes the eye hyperopic or myopic?

A

Highly myopic - b/c increased refractive power of the spherical shape of the lens.

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10
Q

Name the 6 conditions you can see microspheophakia?

A
  1. Peters
  2. Marfans
  3. Alports
  4. Lowes syndrome
  5. Congenital rubella
  6. WEILL-MARCHESANI
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11
Q

What is the most common congenital cataract?

A

Lamellar or zonular cataracts

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12
Q

What is the first sign of cortical cataracts?

A

Vacuoles and water clefts in the anterior and posterior cortex

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13
Q

How is classic galactosemia confirmed?

A

Non-glucose reducing substance galactose in the URINE

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14
Q

“Oil” droplet cataracts are seen in what d/o?

A

Galactosemia - AR

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15
Q

HYPER OR HYPO calcemia causes cataracts?

A

Hypocalcemia - from parathyroid surgery causes punctate iridescent opacities in the anterior and posterior cortex

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16
Q

What type of cataract do you see with atopic dermatitis and when?

A

B/L Anterior subcapsular opacites in 2nd or 3rd decade.

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17
Q

Normal enothelial counts are?

A

> 2400 cells/mm2

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18
Q

Phacoantigenic Uveitis occurs when and causes what type of inflammation?

A

Lens protein released through a ruptured lens capsule and cortical material remains in the eye. ZONAL GRANULOMATOUS inflm.

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19
Q

What are late complications to phacoanaphylactic Uveitis?

A

Cyclitic membrance, hypotony, and phthisis bulbi

20
Q

What type of cataract causes Phacolytic GL?

A

Mature or hypermature - proteins leak through an INTACT lens capsule where MACROPHAGES ingest lens proteins

21
Q

Ischemic ocular conditions (Takayasu arteritis, thromboangitis obliterates, anterior segment necrosis) cause what type of cataract?

22
Q

Retrobulbar anesthesia causes which two problems?

A
  1. Inadvertent INTRAVENOUS injection a/w CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

2. Inadvertent intraDURAL injections a/w seizures, repiratory arrest, and brain stem anesthesia.

23
Q

Astigmatic Keratotomy is used for what range of astigmatism and how is it performed?

A

Incisions are made 100% of the thinnest paracentral pachymetry, or 0.6 mm for a 7 mm optical zone.

24
Q

LRIs are used for what range of astigmatism and how is it performed?

A

0.5-3.0 D; a diamond blade is set to a 0.6mm depth and an incision is made at the limbus for a distance of 6-8 mm along the steep axis.

25
How are vacuum rise time related to aspiration flow rate?
Inversely proportional
26
Which vacuum rise time has a direct relationship with vacuum level and time?
Venturi
27
When is a cohesive agent useful and give an example?
When space needs to be maintained, such as during capsulrrhexis; Healon, Provisc, Amvisc
28
What is a dispersive agent useful and give an example?
Posterior capsular rent; Viscoat
29
What is the name of the syndrome with corneal edema starting inferiorly and progresses circumferentially bust spares the central cornea?
Brown-McLean Syndrome (usually after intracapsular surgery)
30
When is the peak incidence of post-operative CME?
6-10 weeks after surgery
31
It infants with B/L cataracts when should the cataracts be taken out and how long between the two?
ASAP after diagnosis and seperated by 2 weeks for children under the age of 2 years and by 1 month for children over the age of 2 years.
32
When should a U/L cataract be taken out?
before 6 weeks.
33
When is the cornea the thickest?
The morning
34
Which food can decrease the risk of cataract development?
Leutin
35
What is a soemmering ring?
After cataract surgery the residual epithelial cells may proliferate in the closed space between the anterior and posterior capsule
36
Which of the following IOLs forms a PCO the most?
PMMA>silicone>acrylic
37
Which is the main scavenger of free radical in the lens?
Glutahione
38
If an Ascan is performed on staphalyoumatous eye, what type of refraction will the patient have?
Hyperopic surprise because the lens is too weak.
39
Stellate contusion cataracts occur where?
Posteriorly
40
Sunlight is a/w what type of cataract?
Cortical - UV radiation
41
What are the dimensions of the lens at birth and as and adult?
6.4mm/3.5mm; 9mm/5mm
42
What is a U/L white cataract with pigmentary retinopathy ?
Rubella
43
What has deafness, hematuria?
Alports
44
How do u treat homocysteine and what r the risks of having it?
Treat with low methanine diet and high cysteine and vit b6 Risk of thromboembolic episodes esp during general anesthesia
45
During Ascan if u press too hard on cornea u get a shorter axial length and what type of refraction?
Unexpected myopia

Cornea & Lens and Cataract (11 decks)

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