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H&S > CAT stuff part 2: Return of the MEEEEOOOOOW > Flashcards

CAT stuff part 2: Return of the MEEEEOOOOOW Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most appropriate study design the investigating diagnosis?

A

Cross sectional analytic study

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2
Q

What is a cross sectional analytic study?

A

An observational study that analyses data from a population at a specific time period

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3
Q

What are the most appropriate study designs for investigating aetiology?

A
  • Cohort study
  • Case-control study
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4
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

A longitudinal study that follows a population to observe outcomes, often in the context of one group having a particular exposure (e.g. smoking) and one group not

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5
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

A retrospective population study in which 2 groups with different outcomes are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribution

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6
Q

What is the most appropriate study design for prognosis?

A

Cohort study

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7
Q

What is the most appropriate study design when investigating treatment?

A
  • Randomised control trial
  • Systematic review of RCTs
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8
Q

What is the most appropriate study design for evaluation?

A

Systematic review with meta-analysis

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9
Q

What are some advantages of cohort studies?

A
  • Best information about causation
  • Able to examine a range of outcomes
  • Good for rare exposure
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10
Q

What are some disadvantages of cohort studies?

A
  • Long follow up so expensive and time consuming
  • Bad for rare outcomes
  • Bad for long latency periods
  • Can have different follow up for exposed and non-exposed
  • Confounders not recognised
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11
Q

What are some advantages of a case-control study?

A
  • Don’t require long latency periods so quick and quite easy to carry out
  • Good for long latency periods
  • Good for rare outcomes
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12
Q

What are some disadvantages to case-control studies?

A
  • Inferior to cohort studies
  • Bad for rare exposure
  • Controls may not represent where sample is from = often requires several controls per case
  • Cases don’t recognise the full disease spectrum
  • Particularly vulnerable to recall bias
  • Confounders not recognised
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13
Q

What is procedure bias?

A

When subjects in different groups receiving different treatment other than the intervention

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14
Q

What is information bias?

A

When information about about participants is incorrect

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15
Q

What are 3 types of randomisation?

A
  • Simple randomisation
  • Stratified randomisation
  • Minimisation
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16
Q

What is an example of simple randomisation?

A

Computer random number generator

17
Q

What is stratified randomisation?

A
  • Randomisation that ensures different groups have equal numbers of disease/equal levels of disease severity in each group
  • Essentially randomisation that takes possible confounders into account and distributes them evenly among the groups
18
Q

What is minimisation and when is it used?

A
  • A computer algorithm forming groups to ensure comparability
  • Used in smaller studies
19
Q

What is the difference between precision and accuracy in stats?

A
  • Precision: narrow CIs
  • Accuracy: Result is close to real value
20
Q

What is treatment fidelity?

A

How well a treatment is reproduced from a protocol or model

21
Q

What is the purpose of randomisation?

A

To ensure any confounders are equally distributed among study groups, thus avoiding selection bias

22
Q

What is internal validity?

A

How well a study was conducted, taking into account confounders and removing bias

23
Q

What is external validity?

A
  • Generalisability
  • How well a study can be applied to different real world situations/patients/environments
24
Q

What is association in relation to variables?

A

2 variables are said to be associated when one is found more commonly in the presence of the other

25
Q

What are the 3 types of association and describe them?

A
  • Spurious: association has arisen purely by chance and not a real association
  • Indirect: association due to the presence of a third factor (confounding factor)
  • Direct: a true association not affected by a confounding factor
26
Q

What is used to assess whether or not an association is causal?

A

The Bradford-Hill Criteria

H&S (5 decks)

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