CASES 6-11

Question 1

(CASE6 - SBA)

Define - COPD

Answer 1

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

- Persistent respiratory symptoms due to airway obstruction which is not fully reversible

Question 2

(CASE6 - SBA)

Define - intrapleural presque

Answer 2

• the pressure in the pleural space between the pleural membranes
• it occurs due to the pressure exerted by the chest wall and elastic recoil of the lungs
• creates -ve pressure as the chest-wall (outwards) and lungs (inwards) elastic recoil want to be pulled in opposite directions

Question 3

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - Immune system

Answer 3

a system of cells, molecules and organs that protect us against foreign bodies such as microorganisms, toxins, malignant cells and foreign bodies

Question 4

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - Immunity

Answer 4

the ability of an organism to resist infection

Question 5

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - Immune response

Answer 5

the reaction of cells and molecules of the immune system to the presence of a substance which is not recognised as part of the body

Question 6

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - Immunogen

Answer 6

any molecule that can introduce immune response

Question 7

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - epitope

Answer 7

is a small part of the antigen to which the antigen-binding sites of an antibody or T-cell receptor actually bind

Question 8

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - antigen

Answer 8

any foreign molecule that generates antibodies

Question 9

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - endemic

Answer 9

is a disease that’s always present in a certain population or region – malaria always found where mosquitoes are

Question 10

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - epidemic

Answer 10

an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely

Question 11

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - pandemic

Answer 11

epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting a large proportion of the population

Question 12

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - antigenic shift

Answer 12

Result in an influenza A virus acquiring new H and usually new N protein

Question 13

(CASE7 - SBA)

Define - antigenic drift

Answer 13

minor changes in H&N proteins by random mutations/substitutions

Question 14

(CASE8 - SBA)

Define - bacteraemia

Answer 14

presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 15

(CASE8 - SBA)

Define - systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 15

is an exaggerated defence response of the body to a tissue damaging stressor (infection, trauma, surgery, acute inflammation, ischemia, malignancy) to localise and then eliminate the endogenous or exogenous source of the insult

requires 2 or more - 
• Temp - <36° or >38°
• Pulse rate - 90/min
• RR - >20/min or PaCO2 32 mmHg
• WCC - <4
• Modified SIR - 
    •  New     confusion/drowsiness
    • Blood glucose >7.7 mmol/L – if not diabetic

Question 16

(CASE8 - SBA)

Define - sepsis

Answer 16

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

Question 17

(CASE8 - SBA)

Define - septic shock

Answer 17

life-threatening condition that happens when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection

Question 18

(CASE9 - SBA)

Define - anxiety

Answer 18

a feeling of worry, nervousness and uneasy about something with an uncertain outcome

Question 19

(CASE9 - SAP)

Define - mental health

Answer 19

is a state of well-being in which an individual realises his or hers own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

Question 20

(CASE9 - SAP)

Define - ill-health

Answer 20

a condition of inferior health in which some disease or impairment of function is present

Question 21

(CASE9 - SAP)

Define - domestic abuse

Answer 21

any incident or pattern of incidence of controlling, cohecive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality

Question 22

(CASE10 - SBA)

Define - major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 22

are used to recognise self from non-self in the immune system – enables T lymphocytes to recognise non-self invaders