1-3 FOUNDATION Flashcards
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - iso-osmolar
two solutions have the same osmolarity, meaning no water leaves or enters the cell
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - hypo-osmolar
is when a solution has a lower than usual osmolarity
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - hyper-osmolar
is when a solution has a lower than usual osmolarity
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - isotonic
when the intracellular osmolarity is the same as the solution osmolarity, so there is NO NET movement of water - the cell stays the same size
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - hypertonic
when the solution has an osmolarity greater than the intracellular, causing water to move out of the cell (the cell shrinks)
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - hypotonic
when the solution has an osmolarity less than the intracellular, causing water to move in to the cell (the cell expands)
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - moles
is an amount of a substance, an arbitrary unit based on the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon 12
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - molar
units of molarity (M), the number of mol of substance dissolved per litre (dm3) of solution
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - osmolarity
is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles of solute of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L) - the number of dissolved particles
(FOUNDATION 1 - SBA)
Define - osmolality
the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solid particles per kilogram - 1ml of H20 = 1g
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - hormones
are chemical messengers synthesised by specific tissues and secreted into the bloodstream and carried to non-adjacent sites in the body
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - endocrine system
cell signals to a distance of a chemical messenger released into the circulatory system
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - phase I metabolism
involves the chemical reactions (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis)
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - phase II metabolism
involve reactions that chemically change the drug into compounds that are soluble enough to be excreted in the urine
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body, the events consequent on interaction of the drug with its receptor or other primary site of action
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - therapeutic index
- A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective
- the larger the therapeutic index the safer the drug is to use
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - affinity
the extent to which a drug binds to receptors at any given drug concentration
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - efficacy
of an agonist is its ability to elicit a response after binding to the receptor
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - potency
- is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity
- a highly potent drug produces a given response at low concentrations
- a lower potency drug produces the same response only at higher concentrations
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - agonist
is a ligand (drug, hormone or neurotransmitter) that binds to a receptor to cause a biological cellular response
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - antagonist
binds to the agonist receptor but doesn’t activate it and blocks the agonist from binding
(FOUNDATION 2 - SBA)
Define - partial agonist
are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist
(FOUNDATION 2 - SAP)
Define - reflection
- is space to think about positives and things that go wrong
- its personal
- Focused on learning from event and not clinical details, so it’s anonymised
(FOUNDATION 2 - SAP)
Define - team working
refers to a group of two or more people working together to achieve a common goal
