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SBA - definitions > CASE 1-5 > Flashcards

CASE 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Clearance (Cl)

A

the volume of plasma that has been cleared of drug (removed from) per unit time

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2
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Half-life (t1/2

A

the length of time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to half

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3
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - volume of distribution (Vd)

A 
• is the distribution of a drug between the plasma and the rest of the body after dosing
Dependent on -
  • drug permeability across membranes 
  • binding within compartments
  •pH partition
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4
Q

Physiology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - acute inflammation

A

is a short-term process occurring in response to tissue injury and usually appears within mins-hours - cardinal signs - pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function

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5
Q

Physiology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - chronic inflammation

A

is a prolonged inflammatory response that insoles a progressive change in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation - and characterised by destruction and repair of the tissue

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6
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - atheroma

A

is a progressive disease characterised by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous element in the large arteries

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7
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - thrombosis

A

blood clot in situ in the vessels

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8
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - embolism

A

blood clot (or fat/air) carried around blood system which becomes lodged and causes a blockage (embolism)

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9
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Epidemiology

A

is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations

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10
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - mortality rates

A

the number of deaths in a certain group of people in a certain period of time

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11
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - incidence rates

A
  • the rate of newly diagnosed cases of a disease or illness

* the number of new cases reported in a certain period of time

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12
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - prevalence rates

A

is the number of individuals with the disease either at a specific point in time (the point prevalence) or over a specified time period (the period prevalence)

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13
Q

Pathology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - ischaemia

A

an in adequate supply of blood to a tissue resulting in an insufficient supply of oxygen and other metabolic needs for that tissue

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14
Q

Pathology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - infarction

A

an insufficient supply of blood carrying oxygen and other metabolic needs leading to cell or tissue necrosis – death

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15
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - Dystrophic calcification

A

calcification that occurs in degenerated or necrotic tissue

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16
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - Metastatic calcification

A

occurs when calcium salts are precipitated in normal tissue as a result of high serum calcium or phosphate levels

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17
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - necrosis

A

pathological cellular/tissue death in a living organism irrespective of cause and an inflammatory response

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18
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - apoptosis

A

normal or pathological individual cell death (programmed) and characterised by activation of endogenous proteases and endonucleases - NO inflammatory response

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19
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - pyknosis

A

is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

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20
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - free radical damage

A

chemical radicals characterised by a single unpaired electron in the outer shell and highly reactive

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21
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - hypoxia

A

reduced O2 delivery to the tissues

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22
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - dysplasia

A
  • pre-cancerous - ‘typical hyperplasia’ increased cell division
  • cells look abnormal
  • growth is dependent on initial stimulus and the acquisition of new driver mutations
  • reversible
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23
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - neoplasia

A
  • uncontrolled cellular proliferation
  • abnormal cell structure and function
  • growth is independent of the initial stimulus and without the need for new mutations
  • irreversible
24
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - tumour

25
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - papilloma

A

a benign epithelial tumour, growing in an exophytic direction (growing outwards)

26
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - adenoma

A
  • a benign tumour arising in glandular tissue, growing in an exophytic direction
  • mucosa of stomach, small intestine and colon
27
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - dysplasia

A
  • pre-cancerous - ‘typical hyperplasia’ increased cell division
  • cells look abnormal
  • growth is dependent on initial stimulus and the acquisition of new driver mutations
  • reversible
28
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - sarcoma

A

a malignant tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue
• blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles

29
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - tumour

A
  • an abnormal swelling
  • an abnormal mass of cells resulting from the loss of normal control of cell growth and/or differentiation triggered by stepwise accumulation of multiple genetic alterations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
30
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - papilloma

A

a benign epithelial tumour, growing in an exophytic direction (growing outwards)

31
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - adenoma

A
  • a benign tumour arising in glandular tissue, growing in an exophytic direction
  • mucosa of stomach, small intestine and colon
32
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - carcinoma

A
  • a malignant tumour arising in the epithelial tissue, growing in an endophytic direction
  • papilloma/adenomas can become carcinomas when they begin to grow inwards
  • liver, lungs, kidney
33
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - sarcoma

A
  • a malignant tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue
  • blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles
34
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - carcinoma in situ

A
  • neoplastic cells remain growing and contained within their originating site/layer
  • haven’t invaded through the basement membrane
35
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - transformation

A
  • the changes that normal cells undergo as they become malignant
  • genetic, morphological and functional changes
36
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - metastasis

A

the development of a secondary neoplastic growth in a distant tissue/organ

37
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - invasion

A

the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighbouring tissues by crossing their originating sites basement membrane

38
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - grade of tumours

A
  • histological

* appearance of the cancer cells

39
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - stage of tumours

A
  • anatomical

* the size of a cellular mass and how far it has spread from where it originated

40
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - transformation

A
  • the changes that normal cells undergo as they become malignant
  • genetic, morphological and functional changes
41
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - clonality

A

derived from a single cell and genetically identical

42
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - carcinogen

A
  • any substance, radionuclide or radiation that promotes transformation
  • carcinogenesis, oncogenesis and tumorigenesis
43
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - initiator

A

mutagenic and promote DNA mutations

44
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - promoter

A
  • non-mutagenic, act by stimulating cell division

* the original mutant population increase - increasing the likelihood of further mutations

45
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - oncogene

A
  • a mutated/activated gene which contributes positively to neoplasia
  • usually by promoting autonomous cell proliferation
46
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - cellular oncogene

A
  • the unaltered (non-mutated) cellular counterpart of an oncogene
  • synonymous wit proto-oncogene
47
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - viral oncogene

A
  • a virally encoded protein which contributes positively to neoplasm
  • E6/E7 by the HPV16 virus
48
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - tumour suppressor gene

A
  • gene invited in regulation/ control of cell growth/cell division
  • usually mutated/inactivate in cancer by -
    • structural alteration
    • deletion - p53
49
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - tumour suppressor gene

A
  • gene invited in regulation/ control of cell growth/cell division
  • usually mutated/inactivate in cancer by -
    • structural alteration
    • deletion - p53
50
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SAP)
Define - health inequalities

A

the systematic differences in health between different groups within society – social class/ socio-economic status/deprivation or ethnicity

51
Q

Social Science
(CASE 2 - SAP)
Define - patient self-care

A

the actions that individuals take for themselves, on behalf of and with others in order to develop, protect and maintain and improve their health, well-being and wellness (cleaning teeth, exercise, setting up and dialysis)

52
Q

Public Health
(CASE 3 - SAP)
Define - absolute risk

A

risk of patient developing the disease over time period

53
Q

Public Health
(CASE 3 - SAP)
Define - relative risk

A

compares 2 groups of people (smokers and non-smokers) and assesses each groups risk dependent on specific risk factors

54
Q

Public Health
(CASE 3 - SAP)
Define - odds risk

A

measures association between and exposure and outcome

55
Q

Public Health
(CASE 3 - SAP)
Define - attributable risk

A

is the measure of the proportion of the disease currents that can be attributed to recession exposure

SBA - definitions (3 decks)

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