Case Study Revision Flashcards
What is the named country for our development (Topic 2) case study?
India
Where is India geographically in the world and what effect does this have?
India is located in Southern Asia, with several ports because it is exposed to the ocean on most sides - these ports are rapidly urbanised as they offer many jobs to do with fishing as well as it having a stronger economy thanks to the exports which go through there. India is partially within the tropic of cancer (within 23.5 degrees of the equator), meaning that it has a warm and humid climate, changing its agricultural economy drastically as they can only grow certain crops because of the warm climate.
What is India’s site and how does this effect its economy?
Population: 1.252 billion
Longitude: 78.96 degrees East
Latitude: 20.59 degrees North
Neighbouring Countries: Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China
India has increased trade with neighbouring countries rather than countries that are further away (India exports 14% of goods to China). Large population means millions are left in poverty and levels of inequality within the country are high (disproportionate distribution of wealth).
What is India’s situation? Think about cultural, political and social factors
India is a rapidly emerging country and former British colony (independence granted in 1947) which is now has its own democratically elected government, as well as being the worlds largest democracy (672 million registered to vote). It has a varied landscape of mountains, deserts, plains and coastlines (attractive tourist destination) with diverse wildlife. It is also renowned for Bollywood films which are exported worldwide. India is part of G20 and B.R.I.C.S (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).
How has India’s economy changed since 1990?
Between 1990 and 2015, India’s GDP has increased by 7 times ($300 billion to $2.1 trillion) with the GNI per capita quadrupling ($390 to $1600). Its primary and secondary sector jobs employ 69% of the labour force but produce less than half of India’s GDP, whereas tertiary and quaternary sector jobs have grown massively. As a result, India has gone from importing manufactured goods such as machinery and chemicals to importing crude oil for industry, as well as previously exporting cheap manufactured goods such as clothing and primary goods (e.g: tea) to exporting high value manufactured goods (e.g: machinery).
What has globalisation and government policies done to increase development?
Due to globalisation, TNC’s are more likely to invest into India because of its cheap labour and outsource other companies there because of India’s increased trade (12 major ports and 20 international airports) - bringing jobs, tax income and technology. In 2009, the government made primary school education compulsory, causing 96% of India’s children to be enrolled in schools, and this higher educated workforce increases development and tertiary/quaternary sector workforce and therefore GDP/GNI per capita (all measurement of development).
Give one example of the cultural/religious factors of India…
- The Caste system. A system in which your class is determined by your parents class. You can only marry people within your class and you can only get certain jobs based on your class.
- India is where 4 major religions began: Sikhism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.
- 41 % of India’s population speak English and within India there are over 1800 languages/dialects.
- India is home to some of the most ancient cultures, with Hindu civilisations dating back 5,000 years.
- Bollywood, the largest film industry in the world, produces more than 1,200 films each year and gains over $500,000,000/year.
- India has a very diverse population, with 2.5% practising Christianity, 2% Sikhism, 15% Islam and 78% Hinduism.
How has the economy of India changed since 1990?
- The GDP has increased from $300 million (1990) to $2.1 trillion (2015).
- GNI per capita (or income per head) has increased from $390 (1990) to $1600 (2015).
- Exports have changed from low value manufactured goods such as clothes (1990) to high value manufactured goods such as machinery (2015).
- Imports have changed from manufactured goods such as chemicals (1990) to crude oil for transport/industry (2015).
- The tertiary sector now accounts for 45% of GDP
- The tertiary and quaternary sectors have grown massively in recent years.
- Primary and secondary sectors employ 69% of the workforce but make up less than half of the GDP.
How has globalisation helped increase development in India?
- More than 50% of Indians now own a mobile, enabling them to start small businesses and therefore increasing their personal income. (I don’t know how this makes any sense but it is in the CGP Guide).
- India has 12 major ports and more than 20 international airports. As well as this, it has an extensive rail network which carries more than 8 billion people a year and 3 million tonnes of freight per day. Transporting goods is easier, causing increase in trade and increasing TNC investment.
- Large TNC’s such as Microsoft outsource local manufacturing and I.T. These larger companies bringer more jobs with increased salaries, increasing government tax yield and granting them the latest technology/business practises.
Explain how development has changed the country’s population structure…
- Better health care/health education services decrease the infant mortality rate and death rate, causing rapid population increase in India.
- The majority of India’s population is young (28% are under 14) because of already high birth rates (emerging country) and decreased infant mortality.
- Life expectancy has increased from 58 (1990) to 68 (2014) because of investment in health care.
- Fertility rate is decreasing (4.0 in 1990, 2.4 in 2014) because of wealth increase at higher levels of education.
- As the country gets wealthier, urban areas grow because of migration/natural increase (26% urban population in 1990, 33% in 2015).
- India has 4 megacities already (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Bengaluru) and is expected to have 3 more by 2030.
How have some age and gender groups been negatively impacted by development?
- Rapid industrialisation means that young men have to do dangerous jobs. Working conditions may be poor due to lack of regulations put in place by Indian authorities.
- As young people move to urbanising areas for work, less people work in rural areas which decreases services in rural communities (e.g: rural children may get poorer education because of lack of trained teachers and may have to work in agriculture to support their families).
- There is still a lot of gender inequality (crimes against women increased by 20% in. Ew Delhi 2014-15). When young men leave to urbanised areas, women are left to care and provide for the entire household - balancing a job with housework.
Give an example of how development has had an impact on India’s environment…
- Industrialisation increases energy consumption. Burning more fossil fuels emits more greenhouse gases and contributes to climate change (India emits 7% of all global gas emissions).
- Air pollution is increased by more factories and cars (e.g: thick toxic smog forms in New Delhi). Smoke and sulfur dioxide affect people’s health, leading to breathing problems and lung disease (half a million die in India per year because of air pollution related diseases).
- Urban areas pollute land and water, with lack of infrastructure causing 70% of India’s sewage to flow into untreated river’s.
- Contaminated waste may not be correctly disposed of (e.g: factory in Kodaikanal intentionally dumped waste instead of safely disposing of it).
How is India’s global influence changing?
- India has improved relations with its immediate neighbours as well as joining ASEAN (economic/political organisation made of south eastern asian countries.
- India is a member of many global organisations. It was a founding member of the UN and is part of BRICS, G20 and WTO (World Trade Organisation).
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of foreign investment in India…
- Foreign investment brings wealth (higher paying jobs) and jobs (larger corporations can employ more people).
- Foreign investment can destroy local businesses and people’s livelihoods as large retail chains offer cheap prices on goods, much cheaper than the street traders can afford
- TNC’s can withdraw their businesses from India at anytime, causing the possibility of drastic economic climate change.
- TNC’s cause several environmental problems with big factories (e.g: Coca Cola bottling plants in Kerala and Varanasi were closed as people were concerned they were extracting too much water).
What is the bottom-up and top-down projects that we studied in India?
- Top Down Project: The Narmada River Scheme
- Bottom Up Project: Biogas
