Case Studies Flashcards
Tropical storm in a developed country
When, where and why did it start?
Hurricane Katrina hit the gulf coast of the USA in August 2005 after forming over Bahamas due to remnants of tropical depression meeting a tropical wave.
What category on which scale did hurricane Katrina reach?
It reach category 5 on the Safari Simpson scale.
Social impacts of hurricane Katrina
1800 people died (50% being older than 74)
More than a million housing units were destroyed.
3 million were left with no electricity.
Emerging country’s location
Indonesia is located in SE Asia, close to South China Sea, between the Pacific and Indian Ocean, between India and Australia, south of Malaysia on the ring of fire.
Economic impacts of hurricane Katrina
Cotton/ sugar crops were destroyed
$150 billion of damage
Oil platforms were destroyed
Shops were looted and fuel prices rose
Tourism decreased
Environmental impacts of hurricane Katrina
New Orleans levees broke
80% of New Orleans was flooded
Tornadoes
Coastal habitats were destroyed
Vulnerabilities of hurricane Katrina
Coastal erosion had diminished barrier islands, marshes and swamps which exposed the gulf coast.
The levees were too low to sustain surges.
Flood walls weren’t strong enough.
Disadvantaged communities were stranded
There’s a high dependency rate
Responses to hurricane Katrina
These responses were criticised due to slow process of evacuation, leaving poorest and most vulnerable.
$50 billion of aid
Uk sent food aid.
Hostile and unsafe living environments.
Tropical storm in developing country, when where and why??
Typhoon Haiyan hit SE Asia in Nov 2013, with Philippines being worst affected. Formed due to tropical depression. Affected Caroline islands, Philippines, south China and Vietnam.
What category on what scale did typhoon haiyan reach?
It reached category 5 on the saffir Simpson scale.
Social effects of typhoon Haiyan
1.9 million were made homeless
6 million were displaced
6,340 deaths
90% of all structures were destroyed/damaged.
Looting occurred.
28700 injured 1074 missing
Environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan
Uprooted trees and crops
Oil spill due to oil rig destroyed
6m high storm surge
300mm rainfall meaning flooding 1 mile inland
Economic impacts of typhoon Haiyan
Rice and sugar exports were destroyed, 50-120 tonnes of sugar was lost.
$14.5 billion damage, airport damaged and tourism lost.
Vulnerabilities of typhoon Haiyan
Poor housing location/construction
High population density
Lack of education and funding into natural disasters
Responses to typhoon Haiyan
13000 US service personnel
$475. Million aid
20% received aid, ofte going 5 days without it
What type of volcano is Kilauea? Where is it? What lava does it produce?
Shield volcano south of the big island in Hawai‘i volcanoes national park. It produces basaltic lava (low viscosity) at 10000 degrees centigrade.
How big is Kilauea and what plate is it on?
8 mile circumference on Pacific plate.
History of Kilauea
300-600,000 year old volcano w 61 historical eruptions.
Since Jan 3rd, 1983 has constantly been active.
Formation of Kilauea
It’s a mid ocean hotspot due to a mantle plume at the base of the Pacific plate. Part of Hawaiian-emperor Semount chain which has formed over the last 70 million years. Pacific plate is moving northwest at 5-10cm a year, creating new volcanic islands.
Primary impacts of Kilauea
Lava travels 6.5 miles over Pacific Ocean and has added 5000 acres of land mass.
Releases base: water vapour, CO2 and SO2 (creates acid rain, respiratory diseases and agricultural damage).
Earthquakes of up to 7.7 magnitude, increases risk of landslide.
Secondary impacts of Kilauea
Tourism increase (economy boost)
Lava deposits nutrients in the soil.
Opportunities to generate geothermal energy.
Lahars (mud flows)
Health hazards
Destruction of landscapes and infrastructure. Has destroyed more than 200 structures.
Hazard management of Kilauea
Monitored by US geological survey (USGS) in observatory on crater rim.
Lava flow hazard areas were created.
Community centres were opened when big eruptions have occurred.
Tectonic hazard in developing country? Where? When? What?
Mt Pinatubo is a stratovolcano located 55 miles NW of the capital of the Philippines, Manila. Erupted on 9th of June 1991, killing roughly 850 people.
History of Mt Pinatubo
Was dormant since 1380 before the eruption, surrounded by many rice fields.
Erupted on 9th of June 1991.
Cause of Mt Pinatubo
Lies on a destructive plate boundary. Phillipines plate is subducted by Eurasian plate. The oceanic crust turns to lava, rises before erupting.
Primary impacts of Mt Pinatubo
30km high plume of steam and ash.
Volcanic bombs were released.
Pyroclastic flows (directly killed 6 people)
50cm of ash deposit on nearby land (10 cm within 600km radius)
Typhoon passed over ash cloud, (rained thick mud)
Secondary impacts of Mt Pinatubo
SHORT TERM
Lahars were generated
6 deaths due to pyroclastic flows
300 deaths from collapsing roofs
100 died from lahars
Electricity went out
Contamination of water
Road and telephone links were destroyed
58000 had to be evacuated
Flights cancelled
Secondary impacts of Mt Pinatubo
LONG TERM
650000 workers lost their jobs
$700 million damages
1.2 million displaced (shanty towns)
1991 rice harvest ruined and years to come.
400 die from disease
Lahars for next 4 years
Million livestock killed
Urbanisation and homelessness
Earth cooled by 0.5 degrees centigrade
Prediction of Mt Pinatubo
USGS helped predict disaster, evacuating 75000 people as a result.
Although, should have set up permanent monitoring points/satellite imaging.
Prevention/ preparation for Mt Pinatubo
Evacuation and alert systems were put in place,
shelters were set up,
Foreign aid.
Should have set up strategies for long term aid and disease control as well as medicine and food.
Longterm responses to Mt Pinatubo
News schools and houses rebuilt, too poor to rebuild most of infrastructure.
Towns were built away from it. Encouragement within the area for investment in employment.
Location of Indonesia
On ring of fire
In SE Asia
Close to South China Sea
On equator
South of Malaysia
Between Pacific/Indian Ocean.
Population of Indonesia and percentage who are of working age, below poverty line or in the primary sector
4th most populous country with 243 million.
70% working age (55 million skilled workers) and 10% below the poverty line
45% in the primary sector
Economy of Indonesia and growth
Largest economy in SE Asia w 6% annual growth due to a domestic consumption boom.
% GDP from tourism in Indonesia and why
3.2% due to volcanoes, diving and surfing
How much of the worlds tin does indonesia produce? Advantages/disadvantages of tin production
20% which causes disruptions between locals while destruction of the environment due to high extraction rates (Bangladesh island). :) pay is 3* minimum wage, is used by major companies such as Samsung, apple and sony, relieves poor.
:( 70-100 miners die a year, 20,000 pits on Bangladesh island alone, 75% of coral has been lost, wildlife death, decrease in water quality, cause of flooding
Positives of globalisation in Indonesia
Produces job opportunities, industrialisation, relieves poverty, provides positive working mindset
Negatives of globalisation in Indonesia
Exploitation of workers/environment, widening of equality gap
Main sectors of wealth in Indonesia
Coal
Tobacco
Palm oil
How has economic growth affected demographics in Indonesia
Decreased fertility rates, decreased infant mortality, increased life expectancy
What’s Indonesias place in the world?
It belongs to
ASEAN ( 10 SE Asian countries cooperating w trade/movement of people)
APEC (21 Asia-pacific countries promoting free trade, multilateral)
G20 (20 of the worlds major economies cooperating for financial stability , striving to be key SE Asian country)
Relations w USA / EU (April 2016 discussions to deepen relationship) is bilateral. EU-Indonesian free trade agreement and has a strong relationship with the USA.
Dispute w China over S China sea, sank 60 fishing boats.
How has economic development in indoensia affected its environment?
:)tourism
Resource profit
Trade increase
Environment promotion
Less primary and destructive jobs
:(
Deforestation
Pollution
High extraction rates
Exploitation
Palm oil benefits and downfalls
Crates 7000 UK jobs, 25 million Indonesians rely on it for income, relieves poor, raises plantation standards of living, efficient
Destroys environment, deforestation, air pollution, CO2 from peat released, loss of biodiversity, unsustainable, child labour, land loss/conflict, increased income gap, climate change, soil erosion
Jakarta location
N coast of Java, on java sea and ring of fire, on mouth of ciliwung river
Site characteristics of Jakarta
Wet and tropical, lowlands of java, used to be swamps, N of java mountains, volcanic/fertile natural soil
Situation characteristics of Jakarta
Trades w Shanghai/Beijing, well connected to rest of cities via air/boat,toll road on Eastern Java, migration point
Why’s Jakarta a megacity
MRT has increased
Upwards social mobility
Many global/international headquarters
Skilled and young population
Culture rich
Jakarta population
10075310
Results of urbanisation in Indonesia
Urbanisation has resulted in
Land development, wetland eradication, farm/open space decrease, slums, suburban growth
Causes for spatial growth in Jakarta
Urban primacy (dominates economically, puts pressure on surrounding areas to grow, is an economic and commercial hub)
Rural-urban migration (push/pull factors, natural population rise, income/service enticement)
Restructuring of economy (industrialisation widens city, agriculture is less important)
Following family
Land issues (CBD land value increase, kampungs are pushed outwards)
Causes of inequality in Jakarta
Exclusion of areas socially due to lack of transport infrastructure.
Cycle of poverty traps the poor
Rich are prone to corruption
Poor lack social benefits
Competitive job market
Problems w growth of Jakarta
Limited housing/water supply (lack of sanitation, crowding and waterborne diseases
Flooding (sinking of lowland java due to large influx of people, near sea and has monsoon seasonal lands of waste disposal means that rivers are blocked and slowed by waste, development means increase in impermeable surfaces so surface run off is more likely, poorly maintained drains)
Traffic (only 6% of city is roads, long commute = low QOL)
Top down solutions to Jakarta’s growth
Elevated road network (reduces congestion by building elevated roads and taking up little space :( v expensive)
Ciliwung river normalisation programme (reduces flooding and water pollution by widening river and creating access road to dredge :( displaces kampung dwellers hile making city center inaccesible)
Car free day (reduces congestion via monitoring car use and importing cleaner fuel :( hard to enforce and car numbers are rising all the time)
Bottom down solutions to Jakarta’s growth
Sky juice charity (low maintenance water filter for kampungs :( doesn’t tackle root cause)
Kampung improvement programme (self help scheme to provide infrastructure and services for better QOL :( doesn’t specifically improve kampungs)
Mother and child health foundation (provides meals, educational nd medical cate for mothers and children :( cant help all)
