Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 Semester 2 > Case 9 > Flashcards

Case 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same value on its own.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Meaning of respiratory failure?

A

Failure of oxygenation and/or elimination of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of hypoxemia?

A

Low oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of hypercapnia?

A

High CO2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Perfusion meaning?

A

Passage of fluid (norm. Blood) through circulatory system or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch meaning?

A

Imbalance in amount of air reaching alveoli and amount of blood circulating in the pulmonary capillaries (leading to low O2 conc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ventilatory failure?

A

When respiratory system can’t effectively remove CO2 from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Low levels of oxygen in blood
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia)
High blood CO2 levels (hypercapnia)
Due to ventilatory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are acid base disturbances?

A

Changes in pH of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Increased acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Decreased acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does CO2 level impact acidity of blood?

A

High CO2 - more acidic, lower pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does HCO3 (Bicarbonate) level impact acidity of blood?

A

High HCO3 - less acidic (more alkaline), higher pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Lungs don’t remove enough CO2
Increased acidity of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

Lungs remove excesssive CO2
Decreased acidity of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Excess of acid in blood or loss of bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

Loss of acid in blood or excess of bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe bicarbonate buffer system?

A

co2 + h2o <—> h2co3 <—> h+ + hco3-

H2CO3 — carbonic acid
HCO3- — bicarbonate

It maintains a constant blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is pH?

A

The measure of H+ ions
H+ conc is inverse to pH
More H+ ions, lower pH, more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is base excess?

A

Amount of excess base or acid in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is asthma?

A

A collection of conditions characterised by inflammation and narrowing of airways. This leads to wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and chest tightness. These are often triggered eg by exercise, respiratory infections, exposure to irritants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to diagnose asthma?

A

1)Spirometry tests (Lung function)
2)Bronchodilator reversibility test
3)Monitoring of peak flow
4)Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) - measures inflammation in airways
5)Methacholine challenge testing - can induce asthma symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

Targeted treatment based on genetic, bio markers, phenotypic, or psychosocial characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is asthma treated currently?

A

Preventer(daily)
-Brown
-Inhaled glucocorticosteroids (anti inflammatory)

Reliever inhalers
-Blue
-Beta 2 agonist (bronchodilators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is typically used for prophylaxis treatment of asthma ( Preventer inhaler)

A

Inhaled gluco-corticosteroids
Anti inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is typically found in reliever inhalers for asthma attacks?

A

Beta 2 agonist
Relaxation and dilation of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Triggers of asthma?

A

Allergens (eg common dust mites, mould spores, pollen)
Irritants (eg smoke, pollution, odours)
Respiratory infections
Physical activity
Weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Causes of asthma?

A

Genetic factors
Environmental factors (early exposure to allergens or pollutants)
Respiratory infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is atopy, and how does it relate to asthma?

A

Atopy is a genetic predisposition to allergies, particularly in the context of asthma.
People with atopy and asthma experience heightened immune responses when exposed to allergens, leading to airway inflammation, wheezing, and bronchospasm. This increased sensitivity is a key factor in asthma, and treatments often aim to reduce inflammation and relax the airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do beta agonists work to treat asthma?

A

Bronchodilators
Stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to bronchodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Side effects of bronchodilators?

A

Increased heart rate
Tremors
Potential desensitisation of beta receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do steroids work to treat asthma?

A

Anti inflammatory
Reduce inflammation by inhibiting action of immune cells and decreasing production of inflammatory substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Side effects of inhaled steroids?

A

Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Immune suppression

35
Q

Definition of prophylaxis?

A

Treatment used for prevention of a disease

36
Q

How is breathing controlled?

A

Controlled by brain stem - medulla and pons
The medullary respiratory centre has dorsal and ventral groups. These regulate basic rhythm and force of breathing
The pontine group (in the pons) fine tunes breathing patterns

37
Q

How are oxygen and CO2 levels maintained in blood?

A

Chemoreceptors - carotid and aortic bodies
When levels are away for optimum, chemoreceptors signal to respiratory centres to adjust breathing.

38
Q

What is spirometry?

A

A device which patients breath into which measures various lung volumes and capacities.
-Tidal volume
-Respiratory rate
-Vital Capacity
-Forced vital capacity
-Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

39
Q

What is a peak flow monitor?

A

Patients blow into it and it measures peak flow

40
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air breathed in/out during normal breathing

41
Q

What is respiratory rate?

A

Breaths per minute

42
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximal inhalation. (Vital capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)

43
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air forcefully exhaled after a deep breath (but not maximum inhalation)

44
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)?

A

Volume of air expelled in first second during FVC test

45
Q

What is peak flow?

A

Maximum speed of air leaving lungs due to forced expiration

46
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation

47
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully after normal exhalation.

48
Q

Why is it bad if no breathing sounds can be heard when listening to chest?

A

Airways get tight so airflow is low - no breathing sounds

49
Q

What are adrenoreceptors?

A

Respond to neurotransmitters and are part of sympathetic nervous system.

50
Q

What are beta-agonists?

A

Stimulate beta adrenoreceptors

51
Q

What are beta-blockers?

A

Block the beta adrenoreceptors

52
Q

Where are beta-1 adrenoreceptors located?

A

Heart

53
Q

What are the effects of beta-1 adrenoreceptors?

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

54
Q

Where are beta-2 adrenoreceptors located?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle
Blood vessels and skeletal muscle

55
Q

What are the effects of beta-2 adrenoreceptors?

A

Cause bronchodilation, vasodilation and relaxation of uterine muscle

56
Q

Function of selective beta-2 agonists?

A

Used to treat asthma (bronchodilation)
These target lungs but don’t affect heart

57
Q

Function of non-selective beta agonists?

A

Stimulates both heart and lungs (beta-1 and beta-2)
This can have unwanted effects on heart

58
Q

Function of non-selective beta blockers?

A

Blocks both heart and lung receptors (beta-1 and beta-2)
This can worsen asthma and cause broncho-constriction

59
Q

What is agonism?

A

Drug activates receptor
(Causing biological response)

60
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Drug binds to receptor and prevents normal function (inhibits or blocks)

61
Q

What is a full agonist?

A

Maximum possible response from target

62
Q

What is partial agonist?

A

Activates target and creates a sub maximal response from target

63
Q

What is a inverse agonist?

A

Induces opposite effect of the agonist
(Eg decreases activity of receptor below normal level)

64
Q

What is a competitive antagonist?

A

Binds to receptor, blocking it

65
Q

What is a non-competitive antagonist?

A

Binds to a different site on target, making it less responsive to agonist.

66
Q

What are interleukins?

A

A type of cytokine which modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses.

67
Q

What is a psycho-somatic illness?

A

When symptoms are thought to be mainly caused by psychological factors

68
Q

Describe how behavioural theories can impact treatment adherence/non adherence ?

A

People are more likely to adhere to treatment when:
- They believe they’re at risk
- They understand seriousness
- They see benefits
- They find adherence easy
- What they and others think
- Feeling confident
- Personal, behavioural and environmental factors

69
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

Collaborative conversation style for eliciting and strengthening a persons motivation and commitment to change

70
Q

What is OARS for motivational interviewing?

A

O - open questions
A - positive affirmations
R - reflections
S - summaries

71
Q

Describe the PICO framework for defining research questions?

A

Population - who will results apply to
Intervention - what are we trusting (drug/device/treatment). or E - exposure depending on experiment
Control/Comparator - what are we comparing to (placebo/alternative/standard care)
Outcome - how are we measuring outcome (quality of life/ symptoms/ survival etc)

72
Q

Function and Structure of nose and nasal cavity?

A

Contains ciliated and goblet cells to produce mucus
It filters, humidifies and warms incoming air

73
Q

Function and structure of pharynx (throat)?

A

Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and eosophagus

74
Q

Function of larynx (voice box)?

A

Connects vocal cords
Connects pharynx to trachea

75
Q

Function and structure of trachea (wind pipe)?

A

Conducts air from larynx to bronchi
Cartilaginous tube
Contains ciliated cells and mucus producing goblet cells

76
Q

Function and structure of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchi divide into bronchioles
Lined with smooth muscle, ciliated cells and goblet (mucus producing) cells

77
Q

Function and structure of alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs where as exchange occurs
Single epithelial cell thick walls

78
Q

What is in upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose and nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

79
Q

What is in lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

80
Q

Function of upper respiratory tract?

A

Filters, warms and humidifies incoming air
Ciliated cells trap and remove unwanted pathogens and particles

81
Q

Function of lower respiratory tract?

A

Conducts air to alveoli for gas exchange
Ciliated cells and mucus production protect lower airways, preventing airways and facilitating debris removal

82
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7
Directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage

83
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10
Indirectly connect to sternum either by sharing costal cartilage or not at all

84
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11-12
Do not connect to sternum

Year 1 Semester 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions