Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 1 Semester 2 > Case 16 > Flashcards

Case 16 Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is shock?

A

A life threatening condition where there is circulatory failure (decreased blood flow). There is inadequate tissue and organ perfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Shock caused by significant loss of fluids from body
Causing decreased blood flow
Eg caused by diarrhea, vomiting or bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Heart failure (pump failure)
Causing decreased blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is obstructive shock?

A

Obstruction of blood flow within circulatory system
Causing decreased blood flow
Eg due to cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

Includes septic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is septic shock?

A

A form of sepsis
Widespread inflammatory response leading to impaired blood flow to vital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Life threatening allergic reaction
Immune system overreacts triggering widespread release of histamine
This causes sudden drop in blood pressure and airway constriction
Sharp decrease in blood flow to vital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

Caused by disruption of autonomic nervous system
Leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular tone
This leads to sudden drop in blood pressure and impaired blood flow to vital organs
Often associated with spinal cord or brain injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Fluid accumulation in pericardial sac (around heart) causing compression of heart chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the 4 stages of shock?

A

1)INITIAL - Initial response to low O2
-Body responds by increasing hr and peripheral vasoconstriction

2)COMPENSATORY - Body can maintain blood pressure to some extent but is working very hard to compensate

3)PROGRESSIVE - Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail
- Organs begin to fail due to inadequate perfusion

4)REFRACTORY - Body can no longer respond to medical treatment and the shock is irreversible
-Severe organ failure and high risk of death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Symptoms of shock?

A

Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Weakness and fatigue
Dizziness
Confusion and disorientation
Low blood pressure
Prolonged capillary refill time (due to peripheral vasoconstriction)
Enlarged pupils
Nausea or vomiting
Decreased level of consciousness
Changes in mental state or behaviour (eg anxious or agitated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

State physiological effects of shock and trauma on the cardiovascular system?

A

-Hypotension (low blood pressure)
-Tachycardia (in response to the LBP)
-Decreased cardiac output
-Cardiac arrhythmias
-Myocardial ischaemia - inadequate blood supply to heart muscle
… this can manifest as angina or myocardial infarction (HA)
-Peripheral vasoconstriction
-Activation of coagulation system - causing widespread clotting in small blood vessels leading to organ dysfunction and bleeding complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Fluid loss from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is third spacing?

A

When fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces rather than remaining in blood vessels or compartments in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of hypovolemia?

A

-Insufficient fluid intake
-Excessive sweating
-Increased urinary output
-Haemorrhage (blood loss)
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Burns (causing fluid loss through damaged skin)
-Third spacing (when fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces rather than remaining in blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is fluid replacement therapy?

A

Fluid injected into veins
Increases volume of intravascular fluid
Leads to an expansion of circulating blood volume
This fluid moves via osmosis throughout the body replacing lost fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 different fluid compartments in the body?

A

Intravascular compartments - blood
Interstitial compartments - surrounds cells of tissues and organs
Intracellular compartments - inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 types of fluid used for fluid replacement therapy?

A

Crystalloids
Colloids - eg albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are crystalloids?

Study These Flashcards
A

Solutions of water and electrolytes used for fluid replacement therapy

20
Q

What are colloids?

Study These Flashcards
A

Solutions of liquid containing large molecules (eg protein and starches) used for fluid replacement therapy
The large molecules exert oncotic fluid pressure in intravascular space which helps retain fluid
- Eg albumin

21
Q

What is albumin?

Study These Flashcards
A

Natural colloid derived from plasma
Made of protein components of plasma suspended in saline

22
Q

What are Packed Red Blood Cells transfusions used for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Restore oxygen carrying capacity and improve tissue oxygen levels in patients with acute blood loss or anaemia

23
Q

What are Fresh Frozen Plasma transfusions used for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Used to correct coagulation abnormalities by replenishing clotting factors

24
Q

What is contained in Fresh Frozen Plasma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Liquid portion of blood separated from red blood cells and platelets
Contains clotting factors, fibrinogen, albumin and other proteins used for coagulation and haemostasis

25
What are Platelet transfusions used for?
Used to prevent and treat bleeding in patients with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
26
What is venous compliance?
Ability of veins to stretch and accommodate changes in blood volume
27
What is vascular tone?
Degree of constriction or relaxation in blood vessels
28
Potential impacts of bone fracture on circulation?
Can cause bleeding Compartment syndrome (increased pressure in muscle compartment - leading to impaired load flow and tissue damage) Oedema (swelling) can compress blood vessels Risk of fat embolism (fracture causes fat to enter blood stream) Immobilisation due to fracture causes venous stasis -increased risk of deep vein thrombosis Impaired perfusion
29
What is artificial ventilation?
Use of mechanical ventilators to deliver mixture of air and oxygen into lungs
30
When may artificial ventilation be used?
Respiratory failure When patient is under general anaesthetic To protect airways of patients at risk (eg risk of aspiration - inhalation of unwanted substance) When patients have respiratory muscle fatigue
31
What is acidosis?
Accumulation of acid OR decrease in bicarbonate levels in blood
32
What is metabolic acidosis and what is it caused by?
Various conditions which lead to accumulation of acid or loss of bicarbonate Common causes: -excessive production of metabolic acids (Eg lactic acidosis in hypoxia, ketoacidosis in uncontrolled diabetes, accumulation of organic acids from renal failure) -Impaired renal excretion of acids -Loss of bicarbonate (eg by diarrhoea)
33
What is respiratory acidosis and what is it caused by?
Inadequate CO2 removal due to hypoventilation or impaired gas exchange Due to: -Respiratory depression (eg due to drug overdose, head injury, CNS depression) -Lung disease (eg COPD, pneumonia, Neuromuscular disease affecting respiratory muscles
34
Signs and symptoms of acidosis?
Tachypnea or kussmaul respirations in order to try to remove CO2 Headache, confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, restless, agitated Coma in severe cases Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Abdominal pain and discomfort Electrolyte imbalances Dehydration
35
What are Kussmaul respirations?
Deep, rapid, laboured breaths Typically found during metabolic acidosis (to attempt to remove excess CO2)
36
Explain Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
Assesses patients consciousness level based on: eye opening, verbal response, motor response. Score of 3-15, lower means lower level of consciousness (3- deply unconscious and 15-fully awake and alert) EYE OPENING: 1 - no eye opening 4- spontaneous eye opening VERBAL RESPONSE: 1 - no verbal response 5- orientated and converses normally MOTOR RESPONSE: 1-no motor response 5-obeys commands
37
Explain AVPU and what it is used for?
AVPU is a simple and rapid method to assess consciousness level usually used in emergency situations A- alert V- verbal (responds to verbal stimuli) P - pain (responds to pain stimuli) U - unresponsive
38
What is delirium?
Serious and often sudden change in mental status Confusion, disorientation, altered consciousness (more/less consciousness than normal)
39
Why do many ICU patients experience delirium?
Social isolation Immobility Disrupted sleep schedule Sleep deprivation Underlying conditions predispose them Medications used (sedatives, opioids and anticholinergic medications) Mechanical ventilation can cause confusion ICU environment is disorientating, stimulating and unfamiliar Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances
40
Location and function of internal jugular vein?
Descends alongside internal carotid in neck Drains blood from brain, face and neck
41
Location and function of external jugular vein?
Descends down lateral aspect of neck Drains blood from scalp and parts of face and neck
42
Location and function of subclavian vein?
Starts at border of 1st rib and extends into thorax Joins with jugular vein to form brachial plexus Drains blood from upper limb, shoulder and chest wall
43
Location and function of subclavian artery?
Arises from aortic arch, passes under clavicle and continues into axilla as axillary artery Supplies upper limb, shoulder and chest walls
44
Location and function of internal carotid artery?
In neck Supplies brain
45
Location and function of external carotid artery?
In neck Supplies face, scalp and neck
46
Location and function of Vagus nerve?
Descends down neck with carotid artery Supplies parasympathetic innervation to neck and thorax (including heart, lungs and digestive organs)
47
Location and function of Phrenic nerve?
Arrises from cervical plexus (at C3-C5) Descends through the neck Innervates diaphragm (it is crucial for breathing)

Year 1 Semester 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions