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Year 1 Semester 2 > Case 11 > Flashcards

Case 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is membrane excitability?

A

The ability of a cell membrane to undergo changes in electric potential in response to stimuli. This allows for generation and spreading of action potentials

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2
Q

Hyperkalemia?

A

High blood potassium levels

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3
Q

Hypokalemia?

A

Low blood potassium levels

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4
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia)
Muscle weakness
Nausea
Fatigue
Tingling or numbness

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5
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Muscle weakness or cramps
Fatigue
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Constipation
Numbness or tingling
Increased urination

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6
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of aortic valve opening

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7
Q

What is aortic regurgitation?

A

Leaking of blood backward from aorta into left ventricle

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8
Q

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood from left ventricle into left atrium through mitral valve during contraction

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9
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

Narrowing of mitral valve (which separates left atrium and left ventricle)

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10
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries (which supply heart) become narrowed or blocked, often due to fatty deposits

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11
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

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12
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

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13
Q

What are cardiomyopathies?

A

Group of diseases which lead to structural and functional abnormalities of heart muscle

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14
Q

Describe embryonic cardiac development process?

A

1) Heart develops from the mesoderm
2) Week 3: Heart tube formed, made of 2 segments, primitive atrium and primitive ventricle
3) Week 4+5: Formation of atria and ventricles
4) Week 5 + 6: Formation of heart valves
5) Week 5 - 8: Development of heart septa and formation of coronary vessels
6) Week 8: Maturation. Heart is complete. It is the first organ to be completed.

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15
Q

Describe fetal circulation?

A

1) Oxygen and nutrients from mother blood diffuse into placental blood diffuse into fetal blood at placenta
2) Umbilical vein returns the oxygenated blood back to the foetus after placenta
3) Blood distributed around body
4) In heart, foreman ovale and ductus arteriousus are shunts so blood avoids lungs
5) Umbilical arteries return deoxygenated blood to arteries

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16
Q

What is a normal heart beat?

A

70 per minute

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17
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

Cells in heart which contract

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18
Q

Explain cardiac cycle?

A

1) Blood enters atria
2) Atrial contraction and atrioventricular valves open
3) Blood flows into ventricles
4) AV valves close (to prevent backflow) and ventricles contract
5) Pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries, so semi lunar valves open
6) Blood leaves heart and goes to lungs and body
7) Ventricles relax

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19
Q

Sinoatrial node?

A

Natural pacemaker in right atrium

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20
Q

Atrioventricular node?

A

Located between atria and ventricles

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21
Q

Bundle of His?

A

Divides into bundle branches, transmitting signals to ventricles

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22
Q

Purkinje fibres?

A

Network of fibres which distribute signals through ventricles

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23
Q

Describe process of conduction of impulses?

A

1) Sinoatrial node initiates signals, causing atria to contract
2) Signals reach AV node
3) There is a delay, allowing ventricles to fill
4) Bundle of His conducts signals to bundle branches and purkinje fibres
5) Rapid signal transmission through purkinje fibres triggers synchronised ventricular contraction, so loud is pumped effectively

24
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

Hormones released by the heart in response to increased blood pressure and volume
Regulate fluid balance, blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis
They promote vasodilation and increased urine production

25
Q

Cardiac output?

A

Total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

26
Q

Stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood ejected by left ventricle in one contraction

27
Q

Venous return?

A

Blood flow returning to heart from systemic circulation

28
Q

End Diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

Maximum amount of blood in heart during cardiac cycle
Blood volume in ventricles just before next contraction

29
Q

End Systolic volume (ESV)?

A

Minimum volume of blood in heart during cardiac cycle
Blood volume in ventricles just after contraction

30
Q

Ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction

31
Q

Ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction

32
Q

Describe intracellular fluid?

A

Found inside cells
Rich in potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions
Contains proteins and nucleic acids

33
Q

Describe extracellular fluid?

A

Outside cells
Eg interstitial fluid and plasma
Higher in sodium and chloride ions, contains bicarbonate ions

34
Q

What is oedema?

A

Swelling caused by a build up of fluid

35
Q

Physiological factors which form oedema?

A

Increased capillary permeability
Changes in osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
Sodium and water retention

36
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart is unable to pump blood effectively
This leads to insufficient oxygen and nutrients reaching tissues

37
Q

Common causes of heart failure?

A

Coronary heart disease (blocked blood vessels which supply heart)
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Valvular heart diseases
Cardiomyopathies (abnormalities of heart)

38
Q

Signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A

Dyspnea (shortness of breath) - especially during exercise or when lying down
Fatigue and weakness
Oedema (swelling) in legs, ankles or abdomen due to fluid retention
Persistant coughing
Pink, frothy sputum
Heart arrhythmias
Reduced exercise tolerance
Excessive urination at night

39
Q

Function of furosemide and why used to treat heart failure?

A

Inhibits sodium and water re absorption at loop of henle in kidneys
Reduces fluid overload (reducing blood pressure)

40
Q

Function of glyceryl trinitrotoluene (GTN) and why used to treat heart failure?

A

Vasodilator
Reducing blood pressure (reduced workload on heart)

41
Q

Function of carvedilol and why used to treat heart failure?

A

Blocks beta adrenergic receptors
Reduces heart rate and O2 demand of heart muscle
Dilates blood vessels

42
Q

Function of rampipril and why used to treat heart failure?

A

Blocks formation of angiotension II (from angiotension I)
This is a vasoconstrictor
So rampipril acts as a vasodilator

43
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Disorder characterised by irregular and rapid heartbeats
Atria quiver rather than contracting

44
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Medications which help prevent blood clot formation

45
Q

Why would an atrial fibrillation patient be given anticoagulants?

A

Stagnant blood in atria increases risk of clot formation, which could break loose and travel to other parts of body.

46
Q

What is pericardium?

A

A double walled sac surrounding the heart

47
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous (outer) and Serous (inner)

48
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (outer), Myocardium (middle), Endocardium (inner)

49
Q

What is tricuspid valve?

A

Right atrium to right ventricle

50
Q

What is bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

Left atrium to left ventricle

51
Q

What is pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Valve linking right ventricle and pulmonary artery

52
Q

What is aortic semi lunar valve?

A

Valve linking left ventricle and aorta

53
Q

What is superior vena cava?

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from upper body into right atrium

54
Q

What is inferior vena cava?

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from lower body into right atrium

55
Q

What is aorta?

A

Distributes blood from left ventricle around body

56
Q

Describe blood flow through heart and lungs?

A

1) Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena cava
2) It moves through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
3) Contraction sends blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery
4) Blood goes to lungs
5) Blood leaves lungs via pulmonary vein back into left atrium
6) Passes through bicuspid/mitral valve into left ventricle
7) Pumped out of ventricle through aortic valve into aorta, then out into body

Year 1 Semester 2 (9 decks)

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