Case 5 wrap up Flashcards
long term memory can be split into?
declarative (explicit) memory
non-declarative (implicit) memory
declarative (explicit) memory can be split into?
episodic (personal episodes in time and space)
semantic (facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about the external world)
non declarative (implicit) memory splits into 4 types, which are?
procedural (skills and habits)
priming and perceptual learning
simple classical conditioning
non-associative learning
memory systems can be split into?
long term memory
short term memory (working memory)
what regions of the brain are involved in episodic memory?
hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, neocortex
what regions of the brain are involved in semantic memory?
lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex
what regions of the brain are involved in procedural (skills and habit) memory?
striatum, cerebellum, motor cortex
what regions of the brain are involved in priming and perceptual learning?
neocortex
what regions of the brain are involved in simple classical conditioning?
amygdala and cerebellum
what regions of the brain are involved in non-associative learning?
reflex pathways
21/30 on MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) suggests what
Suggests Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
what is dementia
- An acquired syndrome of decline in memory
and/or other cognitive functions sufficient to
affect daily life in an alert patient - Progressive and disabling
- NOT an inherent aspect of ageing
- Different from normal cognitive lapses
common causes (aetiology) of dementia
- Alzheimer
- Vascular
- Mixed
- Fronto-temporal
dementia (FTD)
less common and rare causes (aetiology) of dementia
- Parkinson’s
- Levy Body Dementia
- Huntingtons
- Creuzfelt-Jacob disease
- etc.
how can mild cognitive impairment be described as? (you don’t need to list all bullet points)
A ‘predementia’ syndrome ….
* Subjective and objective cognitive deficit
* No major impairment of ADL (activities of daily living)
* Not inevitably progressive to dementia, but when it is it’s usually Alzheimer’s
neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (2 bullet points)
- Starts entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
- Spreads to most of the cortex except the occipital cortex
In Alzheimer’s disease, there is marked atrophy in?
In Alzheimer’s disease, there is marked atrophy in superior and lateral regions, with sparing of the occipital lobe
pathological features of Alzheimer’s (2 bullet points)
- Extracellular amyloid deposition (plaques)
- Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)
what about amyloid in AD (3 or 4 bullet points)
- Deposition of insoluble protein fragments
- Amyloid protein coded for by APP gene
- APP mutations can cause AD
- But most cases of amyloid depositions are sporadic (scattered/isolated/ occurs at irregular intervals or only in a few places)
what about Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD? (3 bullet points)
- Polymerised tau (hyperphosphorylated)
- Tau forms paired helical filaments
- Cytosolic (inside neurons)
