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BBS1002 > Case 4 > Flashcards

Case 4 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

air moves in and out of the lungs.

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2
Q

external respiration

A

oxygen moves from lungs to blood and C02 moves to lungs.

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3
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

O2 –> tissue

CO2 –> lungs

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells

CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood

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5
Q

Trachea

A

descends from larynx –> into mediastinum. ends into 2 bronchi.

walls:
- mucosa
- submucosa
- adventitia

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6
Q

mucosa (trachea)

A

pseudostratified epithelium

cilia propel mucus toward pharynx

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7
Q

submucosa (larynx)

A

connective tissue. seromucous glands. supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

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8
Q

adventitia

A

connective tissue. flexible enough to move inferiorly during inspiration and recoil during expiration.
Cartilage: prevent collapsing

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9
Q

bronchi

A
  • right, wider, shorter, vertical than left.
  • left
    runs obliquely in mediastinum before plunging into medial depression.
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10
Q

structure bronchus

A
  • right: 3 lobar
  • left 2 lobar
    lobar branch into segmental bronchi
    bronchioles –> passager than 1 mm
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11
Q

changes conducting tubus

A
  1. support structures change: irregular plates of cartilage replace rings.
    - bronchioles dont contain cartilage. –> contain elastic
  2. epithelium: mucosal thins, pseudostratified columnar –> columnar –> cuboidal
  3. amount of smooth muscle: more smooth muslce + less cartilage
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12
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts. –> alveolar sacs.

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13
Q

alveoli

A

squamous epithelial cells:
- Type 1
- Type 2
external surfaces covered with pulmonary capillaries

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14
Q

respiratory membrane

A

capillary + alveolar walls + fused basement

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15
Q

Type 1

A

surrounded by basement membrane –> gas exhange

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16
Q

Type 2

A

cuboidal
secrete surfactant –> coats surfaces.
also secrete a number of antimicrobial proteins –> immunity

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17
Q

alveoli features

A
  1. surrounded by elastic fibers on the same type that surround entire bronchial tree
  2. open alveolar pores connecting alveoli allow air pressure –> provide alternate air routes (in case of collapsing)
  3. alveolar macrophages: immune function
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18
Q

lung root

A

pleurae and connected to mediastinum by vascular + bronchial attachments

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19
Q

costal surface

A

anterior, posterior + lateral surfaces lie in contact with ribs +

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20
Q

hilum

A

on mediastinal surface each lung is a cavity. vessels + nerves enter and leave.

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21
Q

left lung

A

subdivided into superior + inferior lobes by oblique fissure

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22
Q

right lung

A

superior, middle and inferior lobes subdivided by oblique fissure + horizontal fissures

23
Q

Lobe

A

pyramid shaped: bronchopulmonary segments.
segment is served by own artery + vein.
smallest subdivisions: lobules

24
Q

Stroma

A

mostly elastic connective tissue

25
pleurae
double layered serosa - parietal pleura: thoriacic wall + superior diaphragm - visceral pleura: covers external lung surface. --> interpleural fluid, fills the pleural cavity. allows to glide during breathing.
26
surface tension
unequal attraction of gasses and liquids, produce tension. 1. draws liquid close together 2. resists any force to increase surface area of liquid
27
water
polar molecles --> high surface tension. water is always acting to reduce the alveolit to smallest size.
28
surfactant
detergent-like complex of lipis + proteins produced by Type 2 - decreases cohesiveness of water ---> surface tension reduced.
29
lung compliance
measure of the change in volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure Cl = delta Vl/ (delta Ppul - Pip) determined by distensibility + alveolar surface tension
30
respiratory volumes
- tidal - inspirator reserve - expiratory reserve - residual
31
Tidal volume (TV)
air moves into + out of lungs with each breath
32
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
air into lungs forcibly
33
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air expelled after normal tidal volume expiration
34
residual volume (RV)
air remains in lungs ater strenuous expiration. | --> prevent lungs from collapsing
35
respiratory capacities
- inspiratory capacity: air inspired after normal tidal volume TV + IRV - functional residual capacity: air remaning after normal RV + ERV - vital capacity: total amount TV + IRV + ERV - total lung capacity: sum of all
36
dead space
never contributes to gas exhange in alvoeli. volume makes up the anatomical dead space. some alveoli cease to act in gas exchange: alveolar dead space 2 together: total dead space.
37
respiratory rate
number of breaths per min
38
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
volume of dead space | AVR = frequency X (TV - dead space )
39
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
volume of dead space | AVR = frequency X (TV - dead space )
40
atmospheric pressure (Patm)
760 mmHg
41
intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
pressure in alveoli. rises and falls with breathing. equalizes with Patm
42
intrapleural pressure (Pip)
pressure in pleural cavity. fluctuates with breathing. always 4 mmHg less than Ppul.
43
causes intrapleural pressure
- lungs tendency to recoil. because of elasticity | - surface tension of alveolar fluid. molecules attract this produces tension.
44
transpulmonary pressure
inspiration + expiration --> breathing. | depends on volume change of cavity.
45
Boyle's law
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
46
ventilation-perfusion
close match between them. controlled by autoregulatory mechanisms: - Po2 --> perfusion changing arteriolar diameter - Pco2 --> ventilation changing bronchiolar diameter
47
influence Po2 on perfusion
- alveolar ventilation inadequate, local Po2 is low, blood takes it away quickly than ventilation can handle --> arterioles constrict. - alveoli where ventilation is max, Po2 dilates pulmonary arterioles
48
inspiratory muscles
diaphragm + external intercostal muscles
49
action of diaphragm inspiration
diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly + flettens out. height of cavity increases
50
action intercostal muscles inspiration
when contracting, they lift the rib cage + pull sternum. when ribs raised and drawn together they weing outward, expanding diameter of thorax laterally and anteroposterior plane. chest moves up and outwards
51
inspiration
when thorax increases, lungs are streched and intrapulmonary volume increases. Ppul drops 1 mm Hg relative to Patm. air rushes into lungs. ends when Ppul=Patm
52
expiration
rib cage descends+ lungs recoil. thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease. this compresses alveoli and Ppul rises. gases flow out of lungs
53
forced expiration
active process. contracting abdominal wall muscles, oblique + transversus muscles. they increase intraabdominal pressure, depress rib cage. internal intercostal muscles also help

BBS1002 (10 decks)

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