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BBS1002 > Case 4 > Flashcards

Case 4 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

air moves in and out of the lungs.

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2
Q

external respiration

A

oxygen moves from lungs to blood and C02 moves to lungs.

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3
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

O2 –> tissue

CO2 –> lungs

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells

CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood

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5
Q

Trachea

A

descends from larynx –> into mediastinum. ends into 2 bronchi.

walls:
- mucosa
- submucosa
- adventitia

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6
Q

mucosa (trachea)

A

pseudostratified epithelium

cilia propel mucus toward pharynx

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7
Q

submucosa (larynx)

A

connective tissue. seromucous glands. supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

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8
Q

adventitia

A

connective tissue. flexible enough to move inferiorly during inspiration and recoil during expiration.
Cartilage: prevent collapsing

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9
Q

bronchi

A
  • right, wider, shorter, vertical than left.
  • left
    runs obliquely in mediastinum before plunging into medial depression.
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10
Q

structure bronchus

A
  • right: 3 lobar
  • left 2 lobar
    lobar branch into segmental bronchi
    bronchioles –> passager than 1 mm
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11
Q

changes conducting tubus

A
  1. support structures change: irregular plates of cartilage replace rings.
    - bronchioles dont contain cartilage. –> contain elastic
  2. epithelium: mucosal thins, pseudostratified columnar –> columnar –> cuboidal
  3. amount of smooth muscle: more smooth muslce + less cartilage
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12
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts. –> alveolar sacs.

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13
Q

alveoli

A

squamous epithelial cells:
- Type 1
- Type 2
external surfaces covered with pulmonary capillaries

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14
Q

respiratory membrane

A

capillary + alveolar walls + fused basement

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15
Q

Type 1

A

surrounded by basement membrane –> gas exhange

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16
Q

Type 2

A

cuboidal
secrete surfactant –> coats surfaces.
also secrete a number of antimicrobial proteins –> immunity

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17
Q

alveoli features

A
  1. surrounded by elastic fibers on the same type that surround entire bronchial tree
  2. open alveolar pores connecting alveoli allow air pressure –> provide alternate air routes (in case of collapsing)
  3. alveolar macrophages: immune function
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18
Q

lung root

A

pleurae and connected to mediastinum by vascular + bronchial attachments

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19
Q

costal surface

A

anterior, posterior + lateral surfaces lie in contact with ribs +

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20
Q

hilum

A

on mediastinal surface each lung is a cavity. vessels + nerves enter and leave.

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21
Q

left lung

A

subdivided into superior + inferior lobes by oblique fissure

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22
Q

right lung

A

superior, middle and inferior lobes subdivided by oblique fissure + horizontal fissures

23
Q

Lobe

A

pyramid shaped: bronchopulmonary segments.
segment is served by own artery + vein.
smallest subdivisions: lobules

24
Q

Stroma

A

mostly elastic connective tissue

25
Q

pleurae

A

double layered serosa
- parietal pleura: thoriacic wall + superior diaphragm
- visceral pleura: covers external lung surface.
–> interpleural fluid, fills the pleural cavity.
allows to glide during breathing.

26
Q

surface tension

A

unequal attraction of gasses and liquids, produce tension.

  1. draws liquid close together
  2. resists any force to increase surface area of liquid
27
Q

water

A

polar molecles –> high surface tension. water is always acting to reduce the alveolit to smallest size.

28
Q

surfactant

A

detergent-like complex of lipis + proteins produced by Type 2
- decreases cohesiveness of water —> surface tension reduced.

29
Q

lung compliance

A

measure of the change in volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure
Cl = delta Vl/ (delta Ppul - Pip)
determined by distensibility + alveolar surface tension

30
Q

respiratory volumes

A
  • tidal
  • inspirator reserve
  • expiratory reserve
  • residual
31
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

air moves into + out of lungs with each breath

32
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

air into lungs forcibly

33
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air expelled after normal tidal volume expiration

34
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

air remains in lungs ater strenuous expiration.

–> prevent lungs from collapsing

35
Q

respiratory capacities

A
  • inspiratory capacity: air inspired after normal tidal volume TV +
    IRV
  • functional residual capacity: air remaning after normal RV + ERV
  • vital capacity: total amount TV + IRV + ERV
  • total lung capacity: sum of all
36
Q

dead space

A

never contributes to gas exhange in alvoeli. volume makes up the anatomical dead space. some alveoli cease to act in gas exchange: alveolar dead space
2 together: total dead space.

37
Q

respiratory rate

A

number of breaths per min

38
Q

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

volume of dead space

AVR = frequency X (TV - dead space )

39
Q

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

volume of dead space

AVR = frequency X (TV - dead space )

40
Q

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

760 mmHg

41
Q

intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)

A

pressure in alveoli. rises and falls with breathing. equalizes with Patm

42
Q

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

pressure in pleural cavity. fluctuates with breathing. always 4 mmHg less than Ppul.

43
Q

causes intrapleural pressure

A
  • lungs tendency to recoil. because of elasticity

- surface tension of alveolar fluid. molecules attract this produces tension.

44
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

inspiration + expiration –> breathing.

depends on volume change of cavity.

45
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

46
Q

ventilation-perfusion

A

close match between them. controlled by autoregulatory mechanisms:

  • Po2 –> perfusion changing arteriolar diameter
  • Pco2 –> ventilation changing bronchiolar diameter
47
Q

influence Po2 on perfusion

A
  • alveolar ventilation inadequate, local Po2 is low, blood takes it away quickly than ventilation can handle –> arterioles constrict.
  • alveoli where ventilation is max, Po2 dilates pulmonary arterioles
48
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm + external intercostal muscles

49
Q

action of diaphragm inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly + flettens out. height of cavity increases

50
Q

action intercostal muscles inspiration

A

when contracting, they lift the rib cage + pull sternum. when ribs raised and drawn together they weing outward, expanding diameter of thorax laterally and anteroposterior plane. chest moves up and outwards

51
Q

inspiration

A

when thorax increases, lungs are streched and intrapulmonary volume increases. Ppul drops 1 mm Hg relative to Patm. air rushes into lungs. ends when Ppul=Patm

52
Q

expiration

A

rib cage descends+ lungs recoil. thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease. this compresses alveoli and Ppul rises. gases flow out of lungs

53
Q

forced expiration

A

active process. contracting abdominal wall muscles, oblique + transversus muscles. they increase intraabdominal pressure, depress rib cage. internal intercostal muscles also help

BBS1002 (10 decks)

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