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BBS1002 > case 1 > Flashcards

case 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

90% water + dissolved solutes

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2
Q

Electrolytes (plasma)

A

Na+, Cl- etc.

maintain plasma osmotic pressure + pH

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3
Q

Plasma proteins

A

hormones + gamma globulins not produced by the liver, the rest is.

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4
Q

Albumin (plasma protein)

A

60% of all plasma proteins. act as carrier to shuttle molecules. can bind to hormones/drugs. –> important blood buffer.

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5
Q

Globulins (plasma proteins)

A
  • Alpha/beta: binds to lipids, metal, and fat-soluble vitamins.
  • Gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
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6
Q

fibrinogen (plasma proteins )

A

forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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7
Q

non protein nitrogenous substances

A

by-product of cellular metabolism (urea + uric acid)

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8
Q

Nutrients

A

Absorbed from digestive tract

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9
Q

Respiratory gasses

A

O2 + CO2

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10
Q

Hormones blood

A

steroid (need second messenger) + thyroid

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Bound by plasma membrane

  • no nucleus
  • no organelles
  • haemoglobin
  • biconcave
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12
Q

Spectrin (erythrocytes)

A

forms network of proteins –> are attached to cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranses
- maintains the shape, it is deformable

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13
Q

Function erythrocytes

A

transport oxygen ideal –> surface and volume.

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • nuclei
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • esonophils
  • basophils
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15
Q

diapedesis

A

leukocytes can go out of the blood vessels, when out they move via amoeboid motion

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16
Q

leukocytosis

A

normal homeostatic response of our body on infection

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17
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. are phagocytes and contain granules

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18
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous. can take up acidic + basic substances. fine granules.

  • -> polymorphonuclear (PMNs, many shapes of nuclei).
  • bacteria killers
  • attracted to inflammation
  • active phagocytes
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19
Q

eosinophils

A

telephone shaped nucleus

- counter-attack against worms

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20
Q

basophils

A
  • rarest.

- histamine –> vasodilator, attract other WBC

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21
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes + monocytes

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22
Q

lymphocytes

A

2nd most abundant, few in blood.

  • T cells: act directly
  • B cells: produce antibodies
23
Q

monocytes

A

can leave and enter tissue. –> they turn into macrophages.

24
Q

platelets

A
  • not cells –> no nucleus
  • essential for clotting.
    stick to damaged site and form plug
25
Q

repair system

A
  1. vasoconstriction by smooth muscle
  2. injury exposes collagen, plateletes stick
  3. platelets release chemicals, make it sticky.
  4. fibrin traps RBS’s and platelets.
26
Q

which hormone regulates formation of platelets?

A

thrombopoietin

27
Q

what is the name of blood cell formation?

A

hematopoiesis

28
Q

where do all blood cells arise from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

29
Q

origin RBC’s

A

erythropoiesis

- red bone marrow.

30
Q

origin WBC’s

A

leukopoiesis
- stimulated by interleukins + colony-stimulating factors (CSF). released by WBC’s and cells of red bone marrow. improve potency of mature leukocytes

31
Q

hemotopoietic stem cells

A

divide into pro-erythroblasts

divide into myeloid stem cells + lymphoid stem cells.

32
Q

myeloid

A

produce eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

33
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

produce macrophages and lymphocytes

34
Q

origin platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

- formed out of megakaryocytes

35
Q

distribution blood

A
  • delivering O2 and nutrients
  • transporting waste to elimination sites.
  • transporting hormones from endocrine organs
36
Q

regulation blood

A
  • maintain temp. via absorbing and distributing heat
  • maintain pH, using proteins and buffers
  • maintain fluid volume.
37
Q

protection blood

A
  • prevent blood loss

- prevent infection

38
Q

diffusion

A

goes through intermolecular space of with carrier protein.

from high to low gradient

39
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement occurs through membrane opening/ intermolecular spaces, withouth carrier protein

40
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

requires carrier protein/ channel proteins.

41
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane

42
Q

active transport

A

against the concentration

43
Q

primary active transport

A

energy directly from ATP or high-energy phosphate. –> sodium-potassium pump

44
Q

secondary active transport

A

energy has been stored in form of ionic concentration differences between two sides of cell membrane. created by primary active transport

45
Q

counter transport

A

symport: two trnasport same direction
antiport: two transport in other direction
uniporte: only one substance (primary active transport)

46
Q

endocytosis

A
  • pinocytosis: small droplets with nutrients are endocytosed
  • phagocytosis: cell absorbs. forms phagosome.
  • receptor regulated endocytosis: cells absorb by the inward budding of plasma membrane.
47
Q

exocytosis

A

Vesicle has V snare, when T and V snare bind it can release its cargo. Rab GDP can bind to Rab effector protein.

48
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • most common: continuous: endothelial cells are joined –> leaky junctions. in muscle, connective and neural tissue.
49
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

large pores, high volumes pass rapidly. kidney and intestine

50
Q

sinusoids capillaries

A

bone marrow, liver and spleen.
wider than capillary. fenestrations and may be gaps in between cells.
can be continuous, fenestrated or discontinuous.

51
Q

bulk flow

A

mass movement of fluid because of hydrostatic/ osmotic pressure.
into capillary: absorption
out: filtration
filtration at arterial end + absorption at venous end.

52
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

between capillaries and tissue

-blood: force exerted by blood in vessels

53
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

pressure created by proteins. constant value. higher in plasma than interstitial fluid.

54
Q

difference intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

A

more potassium and proteins inside cell.

ECF: more sodium and chloride

BBS1002 (10 decks)

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