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case 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

90% water + dissolved solutes

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2
Q

Electrolytes (plasma)

A

Na+, Cl- etc.

maintain plasma osmotic pressure + pH

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3
Q

Plasma proteins

A

hormones + gamma globulins not produced by the liver, the rest is.

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4
Q

Albumin (plasma protein)

A

60% of all plasma proteins. act as carrier to shuttle molecules. can bind to hormones/drugs. –> important blood buffer.

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5
Q

Globulins (plasma proteins)

A
  • Alpha/beta: binds to lipids, metal, and fat-soluble vitamins.
  • Gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
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6
Q

fibrinogen (plasma proteins )

A

forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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7
Q

non protein nitrogenous substances

A

by-product of cellular metabolism (urea + uric acid)

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8
Q

Nutrients

A

Absorbed from digestive tract

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9
Q

Respiratory gasses

A

O2 + CO2

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10
Q

Hormones blood

A

steroid (need second messenger) + thyroid

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Bound by plasma membrane

  • no nucleus
  • no organelles
  • haemoglobin
  • biconcave
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12
Q

Spectrin (erythrocytes)

A

forms network of proteins –> are attached to cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranses
- maintains the shape, it is deformable

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13
Q

Function erythrocytes

A

transport oxygen ideal –> surface and volume.

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • nuclei
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • esonophils
  • basophils
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15
Q

diapedesis

A

leukocytes can go out of the blood vessels, when out they move via amoeboid motion

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16
Q

leukocytosis

A

normal homeostatic response of our body on infection

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17
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. are phagocytes and contain granules

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18
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous. can take up acidic + basic substances. fine granules.

  • -> polymorphonuclear (PMNs, many shapes of nuclei).
  • bacteria killers
  • attracted to inflammation
  • active phagocytes
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19
Q

eosinophils

A

telephone shaped nucleus

- counter-attack against worms

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20
Q

basophils

A
  • rarest.

- histamine –> vasodilator, attract other WBC

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21
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes + monocytes

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22
Q

lymphocytes

A

2nd most abundant, few in blood.

  • T cells: act directly
  • B cells: produce antibodies
23
Q

monocytes

A

can leave and enter tissue. –> they turn into macrophages.

24
Q

platelets

A
  • not cells –> no nucleus
  • essential for clotting.
    stick to damaged site and form plug
25
repair system
1. vasoconstriction by smooth muscle 2. injury exposes collagen, plateletes stick 3. platelets release chemicals, make it sticky. 4. fibrin traps RBS's and platelets.
26
which hormone regulates formation of platelets?
thrombopoietin
27
what is the name of blood cell formation?
hematopoiesis
28
where do all blood cells arise from?
hematopoietic stem cells
29
origin RBC's
erythropoiesis | - red bone marrow.
30
origin WBC's
leukopoiesis - stimulated by interleukins + colony-stimulating factors (CSF). released by WBC's and cells of red bone marrow. improve potency of mature leukocytes
31
hemotopoietic stem cells
divide into pro-erythroblasts | divide into myeloid stem cells + lymphoid stem cells.
32
myeloid
produce eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
33
lymphoid stem cells
produce macrophages and lymphocytes
34
origin platelets
thrombopoiesis | - formed out of megakaryocytes
35
distribution blood
- delivering O2 and nutrients - transporting waste to elimination sites. - transporting hormones from endocrine organs
36
regulation blood
- maintain temp. via absorbing and distributing heat - maintain pH, using proteins and buffers - maintain fluid volume.
37
protection blood
- prevent blood loss | - prevent infection
38
diffusion
goes through intermolecular space of with carrier protein. | from high to low gradient
39
simple diffusion
movement occurs through membrane opening/ intermolecular spaces, withouth carrier protein
40
facilitated diffusion
requires carrier protein/ channel proteins.
41
osmosis
diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane
42
active transport
against the concentration
43
primary active transport
energy directly from ATP or high-energy phosphate. --> sodium-potassium pump
44
secondary active transport
energy has been stored in form of ionic concentration differences between two sides of cell membrane. created by primary active transport
45
counter transport
symport: two trnasport same direction antiport: two transport in other direction uniporte: only one substance (primary active transport)
46
endocytosis
- pinocytosis: small droplets with nutrients are endocytosed - phagocytosis: cell absorbs. forms phagosome. - receptor regulated endocytosis: cells absorb by the inward budding of plasma membrane.
47
exocytosis
Vesicle has V snare, when T and V snare bind it can release its cargo. Rab GDP can bind to Rab effector protein.
48
continuous capillaries
- most common: continuous: endothelial cells are joined --> leaky junctions. in muscle, connective and neural tissue.
49
fenestrated capillaries
large pores, high volumes pass rapidly. kidney and intestine
50
sinusoids capillaries
bone marrow, liver and spleen. wider than capillary. fenestrations and may be gaps in between cells. can be continuous, fenestrated or discontinuous.
51
bulk flow
mass movement of fluid because of hydrostatic/ osmotic pressure. into capillary: absorption out: filtration filtration at arterial end + absorption at venous end.
52
what is hydrostatic pressure
between capillaries and tissue | -blood: force exerted by blood in vessels
53
colloid osmotic pressure
pressure created by proteins. constant value. higher in plasma than interstitial fluid.
54
difference intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
more potassium and proteins inside cell. | ECF: more sodium and chloride

BBS1002 (10 decks)

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