CASE 13: NEURO Flashcards
Presentation of MS
OFFA
O: Optic Neuritis
F: Focal weakness
F: Focal sensory
A: Ataxia
What is MS
Multiple Sclerosis
Demyelination of the neurones of the CNS due to an inflammatory process involving activation of immune cells against myelin.
What causes MS
Epstein Barr Virus (HHV4), genes, vitamin d def, smoking, obesity
Management of MS
Managed by MDT
Treatment with disease modifying drugs and biological therapies
Relapse: 500mg methyprednisolone
What is Parkinson’s disease
Progressive reduction of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain leading to movement disorder
Presentation of Parkinsons
Triad: resting tremor (pill rolling) , rigidity (cogwheeling) , bradykinesia classically asymmetrical with one side affected more
Management of Parkinsons
Tailored to individual patient and response to different medications, no cure
Slow progressing disease and given towards Levodopa (synthetic dopamine)
what is epilepsy
Umbrella term for a condition where there is a tendency to have seizures
types of seizures
- Generalised tonic -clonic: loss of consciousness, muscle tensing (tonic), muscle jerking (clonic), tongue biting, incontinence, groaning, irregular breathing
- Focal: Temporal lobes
- Absence: Become blank and stare into space
- Atonic: Drop attacks
- Myoclonic: sudden muscle contractions
- Infantile spasms: babies
Investigation of epilepsy/ seizures
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
MRI - to rule out tumours
Management for siezures
Sodium valproate is first line for all types on seizures EXCEPT focal and infantile spasms
Focal: Carbamazepine/ lamotrigine
Infantile spasms: prednisalone
what is Guillian Bare Syndrome
where body’s immune system attacks nerves
what infection causes Guillian Bare
Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, EBV
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
Myasthenia gravis is a rare long-term condition that causes muscle weakness. It most commonly affects the muscles that control the eyes and eyelids, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing and speaking. But it can affect most parts of the body.
mysanthnia gravis presentation
The most common initial presentation is eye involvement with Ptosis and Diplopia
