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Group 40 Collab Flashcards > Case 1 Physiology > Flashcards

Case 1 Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the tunica intima in capillaries?

A

Provides a semi permeable barrier

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2
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

Provides elastic tension and can change vessel diameter to withstand and maintain the pressure

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3
Q

What is the function of the tunica adventitia?

A

Prevents over expansion of the vessel

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4
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism of hypertension?

A

the baroreceptors ‘reset’ at a higher pressure so no longer try to lower the blood pressure leading to chronic hypertension

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5
Q

How does standing up affect blood pressure?

A

standing up causes blood to pool in the lower limbs due to gravity, so less blood returns to the heart, so there is a decrease in blood pressure of the aorta

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6
Q

How does the body correct the blood pressure changes from standing up?

A

the decrease in blood pressure causes baroreceptors to increase the firing rate when stretched increasing sympathetic firing and decreases parasympathetic firing , increasing vasoconstriction and increasing heart contraction, returning blood pressure back to normal

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7
Q

How do local factors affect arterioles?

A

increased metabolism -> increased CO2 -> vasodilation

increased stretch of myocytes -> vasoconstriction

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8
Q

How do external factors affect arterioles?

A

increased sympathetic activity -> vasoconstriction

adrenaline -> vasoconstriction of vessels to gut etc, vasodilation of vessels to skeletal muscles
angiotensin II -> vasoconstriction
ADH -> vasoconstriction

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9
Q

Why is the heart important as a pump?

A

To deliver a continuous supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the brain an vital organs via the circulation and removal of waste products

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10
Q

Which factors determine resistance?

A

viscosity of blood, length of vessel and vessel radius

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11
Q

What is the equation for resistance?

A

R∝(ηL)/r⁴

η is blood viscosity; L is vessel length and r is vessel radius

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12
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Q=ΔP/R

Q is blood flow; ΔP is change in pressure and R is resistance

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13
Q

Describe the pressure in the aorta

A

High and fluctuating

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14
Q

Describe the pressure in the capillaries

A

Decreasing as you get further from the heart

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15
Q

Describe the pressure in the veins

A

Low and stable

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16
Q

Describe the velocity in the aorta

A

High and fluctuating

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17
Q

Describe the velocity in the capillaries

A

Low

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18
Q

Describe the velocity in the veins

A

Higher than the capillaries and stable

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19
Q

Why does the capillaries cause a change in pressure?

A

Because they have a large total cross-sectional area

20
Q

Where are high pressure baroreceptors found?

A

In aortic arch and carotid sinus

21
Q

What change in pressure does high pressure baroreceptors detect?

A

60 to 180mmHg

22
Q

How do high pressure baroreceptors respond to a change in pressure?

A

When the vessel wall is stretched more, they fire more action potentials.

23
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptors found?

A

Atria and venoatrial junctions of the heart

24
Q

What is another name for low pressure bars receptors?

A

Cardiopulmonary receptors

25
Q

What is compliance?

A

The ease of stretching a vessel wall

26
Q

What causes a decrease in compliance?

A

Aging and sympathetic stimulation/adrenaline (vasoconstriction)

27
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the blood on the inner wall of the blood vessel when the heart contracts

28
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the blood on the inner wall of the blood vessel when the heart relaxes

29
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

30
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure using blood pressure measurements?

A

Diastolic + 1/3(Systolic-Diastolic)

31
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

32
Q

What is the function of the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus?

A

parasympathetic (uses vagus nerve) - inhibits SA node

33
Q

Where is the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus found?

A

Medulla oblongata

34
Q

What is the function of the rostral ventrolateral medulla?

A

sympathetic (uses sympathetic nerve) - stimulate SA node and vasoconstriction

35
Q

Where is the rostral ventrolateral medulla found?

A

Medulla oblongata

36
Q

How would an increase in blood pressure affective DMNV and the RVLM?

A

Stimulate DMNV

Inhibit RVLM

37
Q

What is the first response to an injury causing bleed?

A

Vasoconstriction

38
Q

What do platelets do when a blood vessel is injured?

A

Bind to the exposed collaged wall and become activated

39
Q

What do activated platelets secrete when a blood vessel is injured, and what does this cause?

A

Serotonin, thromoboxone A2 and ADP

More platelets are attracted and more vasoconstriction, leading to a platelet plug

40
Q

What is the effect of the platelet plug in a blood vessel injury?

A

Platelet plug closes the damaged vessel preventing further blood loss

41
Q

How long does acute inflammation last?

A

Days or hours

42
Q

How does tissue damage cause inflammation?

A

Damaged cells release distress signal chemicals eg histamine

43
Q

What is the immune response to inflammation?

A

Distress signals lead to increased blood flow and blood vessels become leaky allowing white blood cells to reach site of inflammation and ‘eat’ pathogens and dead cells

44
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation with no recovery - constant state of alert

45
Q

What are some risk factors for chronic inflammation?

A

Obesity
Smoking
Hypertension

Group 40 Collab Flashcards (12 decks)

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