Case 1 Anatomy Flashcards
What is the superior border of the thorax?
Superior thoracic aperture
What is the inferior border of the thorax?
Diaphragm
What is the anterior border of the thorax?
Sternum
What is the posterior border of the thorax?
Thoracic Vertebrae
What is the mediastinum?
Mass of tissue in thorax, between lungs and pleura
What are the two main regions of the mediastinum?
Superior
Inferior
3 regions of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
What is the boundary of the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Thoracic plane
Level of sternal angle (rib 2)
4th + 5th thoracic vertebrae
What 3 regions of the mediastinum are the major blood vessels found?
Superior
Middle
Posterior
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
- Aortic arch + branches
- SVC + tributaries
- Oesophagus + trachea
- Phrenic + Vagus nerves
- Cardiac plexus + sympathetic chain
- Thymus
- Thoracic duct
What structures are found in middle mediastinum?
- Aorta
- SVC
- Pulm Trunk
- Heart + pericardium
- Trachea + bronchi
- Phrenic + Vagus nerves
- Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?
- Thoracic aorta
- Oesophagus
- Thoracic duct
- Azygos + hemiazygos veins
- Bronchial, oesophageal + superior phrenic arteries
- Sympathetic trunk
Which region of mediastinum is heart + pericardium found?
Middle
Which 3 branches split off from aortic arch? (ABCs)
- Bracheocephalic trunk
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
Which 4 branches split off from thoracic aorta?
- Posterior intercostal arteries
- Oesophageal branches
- Bronchial arteries
- Mediastinal branches
Which 7 branches split off from abdominal aorta?
- Coeliac trunk (T12)
- Superior mesenteric artery
- L + R Renal arteries
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Lumbar arteries
- Gonadal arteries
- L + R Common iliac arteries
Name of the point where aorta passes from thorax into abdominal cavity?
Aortic Hiatus (T12)
What L + R branches join to form SVC?
L + R Bracheocephalic vein
Which 2 branches join to form the left bracheocephalic vein?
- Left internal jugular vein
- Left subclavian vein
Which 2 branches join to form the right bracheocephalic vein?
- Right internal jugular vein
- Right subclavian vein
Which 4 branches join to form IVC?
- Hepatic vein
- L+R Renal veins
- L+R common iliac veins
- Lumbar veins
At what level does the IVC pass through diaphragm?
T8
What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?
- Loose
- Dense
- Specialised
What are 4 basic functions of connective tissue?
- Support + bind structure in body
- Insulate
- Store reserve fuel
- Transport substances
Structure of a connective tissue?
- Cells positioned far apart
- They surround extracellular matrix (ECM)
Name 5 connective tissue cell types
- Fibroblast (structural)
- Osteocyte (bone)
- Chondrocyte (cartilage)
- Adipocytes (fat)
- Immune cells
Two types of dense connective tissue?
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
3 Layers of a blood vessel?
- Tunica Adventitia
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Intima
What makes up the tunica adventitia layer?
- Collagenous fibres
- Some elastic
Which type of blood vessel is tunica adventitia usually the thickest layer?
Veins
What makes up the tunica media layer?
- Smooth muscle
- Connective tissue (elastic fibres)
Which type of blood vessel is tunica media usually the thickest layer?
Arteries
What makes up the tunica intima?
- Endothelial cells
- Connective tissue
What are the 3 main components of the lymphatic system?
- Lymph
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphoid organs (E.G. Thymus)
What is the basic structure of the lymphatic system?
- Circulatory system with valves
- Lymph nodes are located along the lymphatic vessels
Give 5 examples of lymphoid tissues in the body?
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Tonsils, adenoids + appendix
- Bone Marrow
- Lymph nodes
Role of Thymus
T-cell development + maturation
Role of spleen
- Filters + is site of immune response
- Destroys erythrocytes
Role of tonsils, adenoids + appendix?
Contain lymphoid follicles
Role of bone marrow?
Produce B-cells, T-cells + macrophages
Name 5 different lymph nodes and they’re location
- Cevical node (neck)
- Axillary node (armpit)
- Aortic nodes (near abdominal aorta)
- Iliac nodes (next to iliac artery)
- Inguinal nodes (groin)
Where does lymph drain back into venules?
-Left venous angle
Name 4 lymphatic vessels in the thorax
- Thoracic duct
- L+R bronchomediastinal trunk
- L+R subclavian trunk
- Right lymphatic duct
Name the 2 valves in lymphatic vessels
- Primary microvalves
- Secondary valves
What maintains lymphatic flow?
Hydrostatic pressure
What are the 2 phases that occur within lymphatic vessels that hydrostatic pressure regulates?
- Expansion phase
- Compression phase
Where are primary microvalves located?
Opening between cells on wall of lymphatic vessel
What occurs during expansion phase?
- Pressure: Interstitium > Lymphatic
- Primary microvalves open
- Interstitial fluid enters
What occurs during compression phase?
- Pressure: Lymphatics > Interstitium
- Secondary valves open
- So lymph flows along lymphatic vessel
Where are lacteals located?
Small intestine
What assists lymphatic flow in lacteals?
Peristalsis of gut
What vessel does lymph arrive at lymph node in?
Afferent lymphatic
What vessel takes lymph away from lymph node?
Efferent lymphatic
Where do lymphocytes come from within lymph node?
High endothelial venules (HEVs)
What is the function of cortex + paracortex?
- Cortex arranged into follicles
- Lymphocyte enter paracortex via HEVs
- Cortex consists of tightly-packed lymphocytes which come into contact with antigens
- They then enter medullary sinus and leave lymph node via efferent lymphatic
