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Group 40 Collab Flashcards > Case 1 Anatomy > Flashcards

Case 1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior border of the thorax?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

What is the inferior border of the thorax?

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

What is the anterior border of the thorax?

A

Sternum

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4
Q

What is the posterior border of the thorax?

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

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5
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Mass of tissue in thorax, between lungs and pleura

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6
Q

What are the two main regions of the mediastinum?

A

Superior

Inferior

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7
Q

3 regions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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8
Q

What is the boundary of the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic plane
Level of sternal angle (rib 2)
4th + 5th thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

What 3 regions of the mediastinum are the major blood vessels found?

A

Superior
Middle
Posterior

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10
Q

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Aortic arch + branches
  • SVC + tributaries
  • Oesophagus + trachea
  • Phrenic + Vagus nerves
  • Cardiac plexus + sympathetic chain
  • Thymus
  • Thoracic duct
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11
Q

What structures are found in middle mediastinum?

A
  • Aorta
  • SVC
  • Pulm Trunk
  • Heart + pericardium
  • Trachea + bronchi
  • Phrenic + Vagus nerves
  • Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
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12
Q

What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?

A
  • Thoracic aorta
  • Oesophagus
  • Thoracic duct
  • Azygos + hemiazygos veins
  • Bronchial, oesophageal + superior phrenic arteries
  • Sympathetic trunk
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13
Q

Which region of mediastinum is heart + pericardium found?

A

Middle

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14
Q

Which 3 branches split off from aortic arch? (ABCs)

A
  • Bracheocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
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15
Q

Which 4 branches split off from thoracic aorta?

A
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
  • Oesophageal branches
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Mediastinal branches
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16
Q

Which 7 branches split off from abdominal aorta?

A
  • Coeliac trunk (T12)
  • Superior mesenteric artery
  • L + R Renal arteries
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
  • Lumbar arteries
  • Gonadal arteries
  • L + R Common iliac arteries
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17
Q

Name of the point where aorta passes from thorax into abdominal cavity?

A

Aortic Hiatus (T12)

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18
Q

What L + R branches join to form SVC?

A

L + R Bracheocephalic vein

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19
Q

Which 2 branches join to form the left bracheocephalic vein?

A
  • Left internal jugular vein

- Left subclavian vein

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20
Q

Which 2 branches join to form the right bracheocephalic vein?

A
  • Right internal jugular vein

- Right subclavian vein

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21
Q

Which 4 branches join to form IVC?

A
  • Hepatic vein
  • L+R Renal veins
  • L+R common iliac veins
  • Lumbar veins
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22
Q

At what level does the IVC pass through diaphragm?

A

T8

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23
Q

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose
  • Dense
  • Specialised
24
Q

What are 4 basic functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Support + bind structure in body
  • Insulate
  • Store reserve fuel
  • Transport substances
25
Q

Structure of a connective tissue?

A
  • Cells positioned far apart

- They surround extracellular matrix (ECM)

26
Q

Name 5 connective tissue cell types

A
  • Fibroblast (structural)
  • Osteocyte (bone)
  • Chondrocyte (cartilage)
  • Adipocytes (fat)
  • Immune cells
27
Q

Two types of dense connective tissue?

A
  • Dense regular

- Dense irregular

28
Q

3 Layers of a blood vessel?

A
  • Tunica Adventitia
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Intima
29
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia layer?

A
  • Collagenous fibres

- Some elastic

30
Q

Which type of blood vessel is tunica adventitia usually the thickest layer?

A

Veins

31
Q

What makes up the tunica media layer?

A
  • Smooth muscle

- Connective tissue (elastic fibres)

32
Q

Which type of blood vessel is tunica media usually the thickest layer?

A

Arteries

33
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A
  • Endothelial cells

- Connective tissue

34
Q

What are the 3 main components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphoid organs (E.G. Thymus)
35
Q

What is the basic structure of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Circulatory system with valves

- Lymph nodes are located along the lymphatic vessels

36
Q

Give 5 examples of lymphoid tissues in the body?

A
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils, adenoids + appendix
  • Bone Marrow
  • Lymph nodes
37
Q

Role of Thymus

A

T-cell development + maturation

38
Q

Role of spleen

A
  • Filters + is site of immune response

- Destroys erythrocytes

39
Q

Role of tonsils, adenoids + appendix?

A

Contain lymphoid follicles

40
Q

Role of bone marrow?

A

Produce B-cells, T-cells + macrophages

41
Q

Name 5 different lymph nodes and they’re location

A
  • Cevical node (neck)
  • Axillary node (armpit)
  • Aortic nodes (near abdominal aorta)
  • Iliac nodes (next to iliac artery)
  • Inguinal nodes (groin)
42
Q

Where does lymph drain back into venules?

A

-Left venous angle

43
Q

Name 4 lymphatic vessels in the thorax

A
  • Thoracic duct
  • L+R bronchomediastinal trunk
  • L+R subclavian trunk
  • Right lymphatic duct
44
Q

Name the 2 valves in lymphatic vessels

A
  • Primary microvalves

- Secondary valves

45
Q

What maintains lymphatic flow?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

What are the 2 phases that occur within lymphatic vessels that hydrostatic pressure regulates?

A
  • Expansion phase

- Compression phase

47
Q

Where are primary microvalves located?

A

Opening between cells on wall of lymphatic vessel

48
Q

What occurs during expansion phase?

A
  • Pressure: Interstitium > Lymphatic
  • Primary microvalves open
  • Interstitial fluid enters
49
Q

What occurs during compression phase?

A
  • Pressure: Lymphatics > Interstitium
  • Secondary valves open
  • So lymph flows along lymphatic vessel
50
Q

Where are lacteals located?

A

Small intestine

51
Q

What assists lymphatic flow in lacteals?

A

Peristalsis of gut

52
Q

What vessel does lymph arrive at lymph node in?

A

Afferent lymphatic

53
Q

What vessel takes lymph away from lymph node?

A

Efferent lymphatic

54
Q

Where do lymphocytes come from within lymph node?

A

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

55
Q

What is the function of cortex + paracortex?

A
  • Cortex arranged into follicles
  • Lymphocyte enter paracortex via HEVs
  • Cortex consists of tightly-packed lymphocytes which come into contact with antigens
  • They then enter medullary sinus and leave lymph node via efferent lymphatic

Group 40 Collab Flashcards (12 decks)

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