casara

Question 1

what type of plant

Answer 1

small deciduous tree

12 m in height

Question 2

native to

Answer 2

western north america, from southern BC, to california and east to montana

Question 3

indigenous ppls used

Answer 3

inner bark of the cascara tree as a strong laxative-purgative

Question 4

1877

Answer 4

cascara bark first marketed as a commercial laxative by pharm. companies J.H Bundy(california) and Parke-davis (michigan)

Question 5

commercial enterprise initially used

Answer 5

wild treed, but the species was extirpated over much of its native range by the 1920’s

Question 6

1940’s onward

Answer 6

cascara bark was obtained mainly from plantations established in oregon, washington, and some new england states

Question 7

active compounds

Answer 7

frangulin a and b

Question 8

frangulin a and b

Answer 8

enzymatically hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to form the purgative emodin

Question 9

2002 FDA

Answer 9

said cascara and aloe vera extracts were not safe and effective (based on preliminary data suggesting potential carcinogenic effects

Question 10

the eurasian buchthorns

Answer 10

rhamnus cathartica and R grangula

-potent purgatives that are now rarely used, also contain franuglin