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Integrated Exam 2/9 > Cartilage Lecture > Flashcards

Cartilage Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a functional unit?

A

The matrix

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2
Q

What are bone and cartilage considered?

A

CT

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3
Q

C and B serve as Ion reservoir

A

Calcium (99%),
Phosphorus (85%)

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4
Q

Bones are derived from…

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

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5
Q

Face bones are derived from…

A

Ectomesenchyme (neural crest deriv)

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6
Q

What is the major mineral that forms bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

What type of series does cartilage enamel form of biomineralized tissues

A

continuous series

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8
Q

What controls the degree of mineralization of tissues?

A

SCPP genes

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9
Q

What is a major fiber in cartilage?

A

Collagen

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of cartilage?

A
  • Cells (chondrocytes)
  • Fibers (collagen)
  • Ground substances (proteoglycans)
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11
Q

Is connective tissue avascular and anervous?

A

-Yes (no pain!)
-Surrounded bydense connective tissue called perichondrium

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12
Q

Physical characteristics of cartilage

A

Semirigid
pliable
gelatinous
not compressible
smooth

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13
Q

ID: Perichondrium, Chondroblast, Chondrocyte

A
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14
Q

Where do chondrocytes live?

A

In lecuna

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15
Q

ID: matrix, chondrocyte, lecuna

A
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16
Q

Hyaline cartilage images

A
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17
Q

Hyaline cartilage functions

A
  • most dominant type of cartilage
  • provides still but flexible support; can break
  • reduces friction in bony areas
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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations

A
  • ribs
  • joints
  • larynx, trachea, bronchi
  • nasal septum
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19
Q

What type of collagen in hyaline cartilage

A

Type 2

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20
Q

Elastic cartilage images

A
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21
Q

Elastic cartilage functions

A
  • provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape; does not break
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22
Q

Elastic cartilage locations

A
  • external ear
  • epiglottis
  • auditory tube
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23
Q

Elastic cartilage type of collagen

A

Type 2

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24
Q

Fibrous cartilage images

A

herringbone

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25
Q

Fibrous cartilage functions

A
  • resists compression to twist and force
  • prevents bone-to-bone contact
  • limits relative movements
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26
Q

Fibrous cartilage locations

A
  • knee/meniscus
  • pubic bones/pelvis
  • intervertebral discs
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27
Q

Fibrous cartilage type of collagen

A

Types 1+2

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28
Q

Which collagen type anchors cells to matrix?

A

Collagen VI

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29
Q

Which GAGS are specifically associated with cartilage?

A
  • hyaluronan
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • keratin sulfate
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30
Q

What is an aggrecan aggregate?

A

Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains that endow articular cartilage with its ability to withstand compressive loads

31
Q

Aggrecan aggregate charge

A

negatively charged

32
Q

What are the 2 most important multi-adhesive proteins for cartilage problems?

A
  • anchorin
  • fibronectin
33
Q

What is the function of multiadhesive proteins?

A
  • Influence interactions of chondrocyte and molecules in the ECM
  • Can be used as clinical markers of cartilage degeneration in articular cartilage of joints
34
Q

Do chondrocytes fill the lacunae?

A
  • Young ones do, old ones do not
35
Q

Chondrocyte image with young and old chondrocytes

A

*White ring = old

36
Q

Chondrocytes–Isogenous Groups

A
  • Isogenous groups are a group (up to 8) chondrocytes with a single origin
37
Q

Capsular matrix

A
  • darker
  • type 6 collagen
  • directly in contact w chondrocytes
38
Q

Territorial matrix

A
  • lighter
  • secreted by isogenous group
  • area around cell
39
Q

Matrix components ID

A
40
Q

What type of collagen in perichondrium?

A

T1

41
Q

Define perichondrium

A
  • regular, white, fibrous CT that surrounds cartilage
42
Q

What type of cartilage has perichondrium?

A

HYALINE ONLY

43
Q

2 portions of perichondrium

A
  • fibrous (outside)
  • cellular (inside)
44
Q

Perichondrium ID

A
45
Q

What type of capsule do joints have?

A

synovial capsule with fluid (2 layers of cartilage working against each other)

46
Q

T/F: articular cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage?

A

TRUE

47
Q

What is a tide mark the boundary for?

A

Boundary between calcified and uncalcified cartilage

48
Q

articular cartilage layers

A
  • tangential
  • transitional
  • radial
  • calcified (transitional tissue, attached cartilage to bone)
  • bone
49
Q

articular cartilage layers ID

A
50
Q

Type 2 collagen orientation

A
  • parallel to surface
  • perpendicular to bone
51
Q

Why is osteoarthritis painful?

A

bone to bone contact (bone is innervated)

52
Q

Normal vs OA Cartilage

A
53
Q

How many ways to grow cartilage?

A

2; interstitial and appositional

54
Q

Interstitial growth

A
  • Slow
  • Resisted by matrix
  • Ex: isogenous group division (made by mitosis)
55
Q

Apositional growth

A
  • Faster
  • Not limited by matrix
  • Comes from perichondrium
  • Involves the addition of new cells to the surface of the tissue
56
Q

chondroblast vs chondrocyte

A

blast: a cell that secretes the matrix of bone, but is not fully enclosed in matrix
cyte: cell inside of tissue, embedded in matrix
*chondroblasts eventually form chondrocytes via chondrogenesis

57
Q

T/F: there is perichondrium in joints?

A

FALSE

58
Q

Apositional growth diagram

A
59
Q

ID type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

60
Q

ID

A

Elastic

61
Q

ID

A

Elastic

62
Q

ID

A

Elastic

63
Q

ID

A

Elastic

64
Q

ID

A

Elastic

65
Q

T/F: there is perichondrium in fibrocartilage?

A

FALSE

66
Q

ID

A

Fibrocartilage

67
Q

ID

A

Fibrocartilage

68
Q

Chondrogenesis steps

A
  • condensation
  • proliferation and differentiation
  • differentiation and maturation
  • terminal differentiation
69
Q

ID

A

Fibrocartilage

70
Q

Chondrogenesis phases

A
  • MSCs
  • Chondroprogenitors
  • Chondroblasts
  • Chondrocytes
  • Hypertrophic chondrocytes
71
Q

Appositional growth image

A
72
Q

Interstitial growth image

A
73
Q

Repair of cartilage

A
  • limited due to avascularity of matrix (must be through diffusion)
  • repair is easier if perichondrium is involved and present
  • damaged cartilage is usually replaced by dense connective tissue
  • if blood vessels enter the wound, bone grows instead of cartilage (pain follows)
  • Hyaline cartilage calcifies due to age and is replaced by bone

Integrated Exam 2/9 (11 decks)

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