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Integrated Exam 2/9 > Bone Lecture > Flashcards

Bone Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone considered?

A

a special CT with a mineralized matrix

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2
Q

What is bone a storage site for?

A

calcium and phosphate (hydroxyapatite crystals)

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3
Q

What is the major structural component of bone?

A

Type 1 collagen

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4
Q

How does bone affect blood?

A

It regulates blood calcium levels (calcitonin and PTH)

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5
Q

Two types of bone structural arrangement?

A
  • compact (outside)
  • spongy/trabecular (inside)
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6
Q

Osteoblast

A
  • secretes dentin
  • not fully enclosed in matrix
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7
Q

Osteoclast

A
  • eats up dentin
  • degrades and remodels bone
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8
Q

Osteocyte

A
  • cell inside of the matrix
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9
Q

Structural components of dried bone

A
  • calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite crystals) 67%
  • collagen 28%
  • non-collagenous proteins 5%
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10
Q

General Structure of Bone

A
  • proximal epiphysis: articular cartilage
  • metaphysis: spongy bone with red bone marrow
  • diaphysis: medullary yellow marrow
  • metaphysis
  • distal epiphysis:
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11
Q

What surrounds bone?

A
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

A
  • outer fibrous
  • inner cellular
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13
Q

Where are sharpeys fiber found?

A

at muscle entheses

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14
Q

What do sharpeys fibers do?

A

anchor muscle (and periosteum) to bone

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15
Q

What direction are the fibers of perichondrium and periosteum?

A

Parallel (except at muscle attachments; perpendicular)

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16
Q

Mature bone

A
  • called lamellar bone
  • can be compact or spongey
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17
Q

Immature bone

A
  • called woven bone
  • has more cells and a diffused arrangement
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18
Q

Ground bone preparation

A
  • loses ALL organic components
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19
Q

Demineralized bone preparation

A
  • loses ALL inorganic components
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20
Q

ID

A

Volkmann’s Canal

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21
Q

ID

A

Volkmann’s Canal

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22
Q

ID

A

Circumferential Lamella

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23
Q

ID

A

Haversian Canal

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24
Q

Does spongy bone have osteons?

A

NO

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25
Q

Which type of bone is easier to remodel?

A

Woven/immature

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26
Q

Woven vs Immature Images

A
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27
Q

Woven Characteristics

A
  • unorganized lamellar pattern
  • more cells per unit area
  • more ground substance
28
Q

Mature Characteristics

A
  • lamellar pattern intact
  • less cells compared to woven
  • less ground substance; more mineralized
29
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A
  • cellular layer of periosteum
  • endosteum
  • canals
30
Q

Shape of osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • flat and squamous
31
Q

Role of osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • unspecialized “stem cell” for bone
  • produce osteoblasts
  • can give rise to any cells in bone
32
Q

Origin of osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells

33
Q

Cells of bone labeled

A
34
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

35
Q

Structure of osteoblasts

A
  • contain increased amounts of ER, GA, and mitochondria
  • allows for syntheis and secretion of bone matrix
36
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A
  • form bone by producing non-mineralized matrix (osteoid)
  • regulate osteoclast function
  • T1 collagen
  • osteonectin and osteocalcin
37
Q

Location of osteoblasts

A
  • metabolically active at bone surface
38
Q

What is the most important molecule for bone development?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

39
Q

Osteoblastic differentiation?

A
  • Stable beta-catenin plays a major role in inducing cells to form osteoblasts
40
Q

What induces osteoblast differentiation?

A
  • PDGF
  • IDGF
41
Q

Osteoclast activation

A
  • Via PTH receptors on osteoblast
42
Q

Osteoclast inhibition

A
  • Osteoblasts can secrete OPG (osteoprotegrin)
  • OPG binds to RANKL and inhibits osteoclast activity
43
Q

What stimulates bone production?

A

Estrogen

44
Q

What inhibits bone (matrix) production?

A

Glucocorticoids

45
Q

What stimulates bone resorption?

A

Prostaglandins

46
Q

What inhibits bone resorption?

A

Estrogen

47
Q

Osteoblast EM

A
48
Q

Osteoblast EM

A
49
Q

Bone attributes image

A
50
Q

Osteocyte origin

A

Former osteoblasts trapped in matrix form 90% of cells in the mature skeleton

51
Q

Osteocyte structure

A
  • High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
  • Have long cellular processes for communication via canaliculi in the bone
52
Q

Osteocyte function

A
  • CANT DIVIDE (bc theyre enclosed in bone)
  • maintain bone and cellular matrix
  • important in regulation of calcium and phosphorus in bone
53
Q

Osteocyte signaling

A
  • Stimulated by calcitonin
  • Inhibited by PTH
  • Communication with osteocytes via gap junctions in canaliculi
54
Q

What anchors osteocytes to canaliculi walls?

A

tethering fibers

55
Q

What are bone lining cells?

A

Spindle-shaped cells on the surface of bone

56
Q

Where are bone lining cells located?

A

Endosteum and periosteum

57
Q

Bone lining cell origin

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

58
Q

What can bone lining cell yield

A
  • High oxygen and Low strain = osteoblasts
  • Low oxygen and Intermediate strain = cartilage
  • High strain = fibrous tissue
59
Q

Bone lining cell image

A
60
Q

Osteoclast function

A

reabsorb bone

61
Q

Osteoclast origin

A

myeloid hematopoietic cells from monocyte/macrophage cell lineage

62
Q

Osteoclast image

A
63
Q

Osteoclast image

A
64
Q

What is bone resorption

A

bone matrix breakdown

65
Q

Bone resorption image

A
66
Q

Bone resorption image

A

Integrated Exam 2/9 (11 decks)

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