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MSK exam 3 > cartilage and bone module > Flashcards

cartilage and bone module Flashcards

1
Q
A

fibrocartilage

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2
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Type II collagen, chondrocytes usually arranged in groups
  • perichondrium present except articular surfaces
  • articular ends of long bones, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ventral ends of ribs, template for endochondral bone formation
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3
Q

elastic cartilage characteristics

A

possesses a perichondrium and is nearly identical to hyaline cartilage except for a network of elastic fibers, which impart a yellowish color. Although it contains type II collagen, it is less prone to degeneration than hyaline cartilage and is located in areas where flexible support is required.

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage characteristics

A

lacks an identifiable perichondrium. It is characterized by alternating rows of fibroblast-derived chondrocytes surrounded by a scant matrix and thick parallel bundles of type I collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage is located in areas where support and tensile strength are required.

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5
Q

types of hitiogenesis

A

interstitial growth

appositional growth

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6
Q

interstitial growth

A

[Existing chondrocytes] ➡ [More chondrocytes]

Occurs (1) during the early stages of cartilage formation, (2) in articular cartilage, and (3) in epiphyseal plates of long bones

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7
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • Occurs in perichondrium
  • Chondrogenic cells ➡ Chondroblasts ➡ Chondrocytes
  • These new cells elaborate a new layer of cartilage matrix at the periphery.
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8
Q

osteoclasts arrise from

A

hematopoetic stem cell- monocyte lineage

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9
Q

Functions primarily to support soft tissues and assist in the development and growth of long bones.

A

cartilage

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10
Q

Has a firm extracellular matrix that is less pliable than that of connective tissue proper

A

cartilage

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11
Q

Avascular specialized fibrous connective tissue

A

cartilage

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12
Q

matrix of cartilage

A

Composed of an amorphous ground substance containing proteoglycan aggregates and chondronectin, in which type II collagen is embedded.

has territorial and interterritorial matrix

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13
Q
A

collagen matrix

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14
Q

territorial matrix

A

Adjacent to chondrocytes

Poor in collagen

Rich in proteoglycans

Stains more deeply

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15
Q

Region away from chondrocytes

Rich in collagen

A

interterritorial matrix

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16
Q

chondroblasts

A
  • Manufacture the cartilage matrix through which nutrients and waste materials pass to and from the cells
  • Differentiate into chondrocytes
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17
Q

chondrocytes

A
  • Mature cartilage cells that are embedded within lacunae in the matrix
  • Arise from chondroblasts in the perichondrium
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18
Q

Chondrocytes arise by differentiation of ____ chondrogenic cells and from chondrogenic cells within the inner layer of the perichondrium into _____, which are the earliest cells to produce cartilage matrix.

A

mesenchymal

chondroblasts

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19
Q

perichondrium

A

-A layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds…

Hyaline cartilage (except at articular surfaces)

Elastic cartilage

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20
Q

provides the nearest blood supply to the avascular cartilaginous tissue

A

perichondrium

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21
Q

degeneration of chondrocytes

A

Occurs when chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and die and the matrix becomes calcified, a process that becomes more frequent with age

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22
Q

Degeneration of hyaline cartilage is a normal part of ______ bone formation.

A

endochondral

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23
Q

most abundant cartilage in the body

A

hyaline

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24
Q

serves as a temporary skeleton in the fetus until it is replaced by bone

A

hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

A specialized type of connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix in which osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are embedded

A

bone

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26
Q

functions of bone

A

Protect vital organs

Support fleshy structures

Provide a calcium reserve

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27
Q

Inorganic (calcified) matrix

A

~65% of the dry weight

Composed of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, & sodium

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28
Q

Consists primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

A

inorganic calcified matrix

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29
Q

~35% of the dry weight of bone

A

organic matrix

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30
Q

type of collagen fibers in organic matrix

A

type 1

31
Q

organic matrix has a ground substance that contains ___ and ___

A

chondroitin sulfate & keratan sulfate

32
Q

Located in the periosteum and the endosteum

Differentiate into osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

33
Q

Spindle-shaped cells derived from embryonic mesenchyme

A

osteoprogenitor cells

34
Q

osteoblast appearance

A

Cuboidal when active, flat when inactive (a.k.a., “bone-lining cells”)

35
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • Responsible for synthesis of organic matrix (e.g., type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins) which they secrete as osteoid (uncalcified bone matrix)
  • Possess receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Become entrapped in lacunae (small spaces) but maintain contact with other cells via their cytoplasmic processes
36
Q

entrapped osteoblasts are ___

A

osteocytes

37
Q

Mature bone cells housed in their own lacunae (small spaces)

A

osteocytes

38
Q

how do osteocytes communicate

A

gap junctions

39
Q

Nourished and maintained by nutrients, metabolites, and signal molecules carried by the extracellular fluid that flows through the lacunae and canaliculi.

A

osteocytes

40
Q

calcium released from bone enters the extracellular fluid located within these spaces.

A

lacuna and canaliculi

41
Q

osteolysis

A

osteoclasts

42
Q

Osteoclasts (O) form and reside in depressions known as ______, which represent areas of bone resorption.

A

Howship’s lacunae

43
Q

Osteoclasts possess cell surface receptors:

A

colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor,

calcitonin receptor,

RANK (nuclear factor kappa B).

44
Q

osteoblasts that have been stimulated by PTH promote

A

PTH casues osteoblasts to decrease bone formation which releases osteoclast stimulating factor, this leads to increased bone resoprtion, liberation of calcium, in osteoclast formation

45
Q

osteopontin

A

secreted by osteoblasts, is used to seal the zone between osteoclasts and the subosteoclastic compartment.

46
Q

osteoclast zones

A

basal zone

ruffled border

clear zone

vesicular zone

47
Q

Contains exocytotic vesicles that transfer lysosomal enzymes to Howship’slacunae and endocytic vesicles that transfer degraded bone products from Howship’s lacunae to the interior of the cell.

A

vesicular zone of osteoclasts

48
Q

ruffled border of osteoclast

A

Site of active bone resorption

Composed of irregular fingerlike cytoplasmic projections extending into the subosteoclastic compartment, a slight depression that deepens as the osteoclast resorbs bone, resulting in Howship’s lacuna

49
Q

steps of bone resorption

A
  1. Osteoclasts secrete acid, which decalcifies the surface layer of bone.
  2. Acid hydrolases, collagenases, and other proteolytic enzymes secreted by osteoclasts then degrade the organic portion of the bone.
  3. Osteoclasts resorb the organic and inorganic residues of the bone matrix and release them into connective tissue capillaries.
50
Q

periosteum

A

A layer of noncalcified connective tissue covering bone on its external surfaces except at synovial articulations and muscle attachments

51
Q

Composed of an outer dense fibrous collagenous layer and an inner cellular osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) layer.

A

periosteum

52
Q

Sharpey fibers

A

(type I collagen) attach the periosteum to the bone surface

53
Q

Functions to distribute blood vessels to bone

A

periosteum

54
Q

A thin specialized connective tissue that lines the marrow cavities

A

endosteum

55
Q

Supplies osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair

A

endosteum

56
Q

spongy bone also called

A

cancellous or trabecular bone

57
Q

Trabeculae contain ____ and are lined on both surfaces by a single layer of _____.

A

osteocytes

osteoblasts

58
Q

spongy bone is always surrounded by

A

compact bone

59
Q

dense or cortical bone

A

compact bone

60
Q

compact bone

A

has no trabeculae or bone marrow cavities

61
Q

primary bone

A

the first compact bone produced during fetal development and bone repair. It is remodeled and replaced by secondary bone.

62
Q

contents of primary bone

A

Many osteocytes

Large, irregularly-arranged type I collagen bundles

Low mineral content.

63
Q

places where primary bone remains without replacement

A

tooth sockets

near suture lines in skull bones

insertion sites of tendons

64
Q

mature or lamellar bone

A

secondary bone

65
Q

compact bone of adults

A

seconday bone

66
Q

bone remodeling

A

the combination of bone formation and resorption

67
Q

Intramembranous bone formation produces bone that is ______ to bone produced by endochondral bone formation.

A

histologically identical

68
Q

centers of developing bone where osteoblasts become trapped in their own matrix

A

trabeculae (fused spicules)

69
Q

Fusion of the bony trabeculae produces spongy bone as blood vessels invade the area and other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells give rise to the

A

bone marrow

70
Q

The _____ and _____ develop from portions of the mesenchymal layer that do not undergo ossification.

A

periosteum

endosteum

71
Q

endochondral formation

A

Begins in a segment of hyaline cartilage that serves as a small model for the bone

Two stages of endochondral bone formation:

72
Q

Two stages of endochondral bone formation:

A

Primary center of ossification

-Occurs at the midriff (middle of diaphysis, or shaft)

Secondary center of ossification

-Occurs at the ends of the bones

73
Q

haversian systems are composed of 4 to 20 _____ surrounding a central Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves

A

lamellae (calciied concentric layers)

MSK exam 3 (7 decks)

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