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Tissues > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue are cartilage and bone?

A

Connective tissues

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Flat and long

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3
Q

What are 4 functions of bone?

A
  • Protection
  • Locomotion
  • Mineral reservoir
  • Blood cell production
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4
Q

Where is cartilage usually found and what is its primary function?

A

At bone ends.

Locomotion.

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5
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

Give 3 examples of flat bone.

A

Protection of internal organs.

Ribs, sternum, and skull.

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6
Q

What is the function of long bones?

Give 2 examples of long bones.

A

Support weight and allow movement.

Femur and humerus.

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7
Q

What is the osteoid?

A

The unmineralised, organic portion that makes up 30% of bone in the ECM

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8
Q

What is osteoid composed of?

A

Type I collagen

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9
Q

What crystals give the bone strength and rigidity?

A

Calcium and phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals

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10
Q

Which cells synthesise and secrete bone matrix/osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesis and secretion of bone matrix

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12
Q

From where are osteoblasts derived?

A

Osteoprogentior cells

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13
Q

Which cells maintain bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintenance of bone matrix

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15
Q

What are lacunae? What cell type gets trapped within them and changes names?

A

Gaps/spaces in the bone matrix.

As matrix is synthesised, osteoblasts become trapped as osteocytes.

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16
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Inactive osteoblasts trapped in the bone they formed

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17
Q

Which cells resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream?

A

Osteoclasts

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18
Q

From where are osteoclasts derived?

A

Monocyte cell line

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of bones

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20
Q

Where is the periosteum not found?

A

At the surfaces of joints

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21
Q

What structure do trabeculae form and what does this mean for the movement of bones and muscles?

A

Forms a lattice network that makes bones lighter, allowing them to be moved easily by muscles.

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22
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Bands of connective tissue that form along stress lines to provide strength

23
Q

What is the cortical bone?

A

Dense outer layer

24
Q

What makes up the inner layer of bone?

A

Spongy cancellous bone / trabeculae

25
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The production of new blood cells to balance out the loss of mature blood cells.

26
Q

Where is the site of haematopoeisis?

A

Red/yellow bone marrow

27
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The thin inner membrane that separates the bone from marrow

28
Q

What is the thin inner membrane separating bone and marrow?

A

The endosteum

29
Q

What is the dense layer that surrounds the outer surface of bone?

A

The periosteum

30
Q

What is the dense outer layer?

A

Cortical bone

31
Q

What are the structural units that cortical bone is composed of?

A

Osteons

32
Q

What are osteons composed of?

A

Layers called lamellae

33
Q

What do osteons have and what is contained within these structures?

A

Central canals.

Contains nerves, capillaries, and lymphatics

34
Q

What are the 3 lamellae layers formed during osteon development?

A
  • Concentric
  • Interstitial
  • Circumferential
35
Q

Describe the 4 steps of osteon development

A
  • Osteoclasts resorb a wide channel (the central canal)
  • Nerves, capillaries, and lymphatics grow into the channel
  • Osteoblasts line channel and lay down osteoid
  • Osteoid is mineralised and osteoblasts are trapped in lacunae as osteocytes
36
Q

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

A

Outer and inner

37
Q

What is outer periosteum and what does it contain?

A

Dense, irregular fibrous tissue

Contains blood, lymphatics, and nerves

38
Q

What is inner periosteum and what does it contain?

What does it give rise to?

A

A cellular layer next to the bone surface

Contains osteogenic cells

Gives rise to circumferential lamellae

39
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

40
Q

Is cartilage highly vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

41
Q

Which cells maintain the integrity of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

42
Q

Which cells synthesise and secrete cartilage ECM?

A

Chondroblasts

43
Q

How do cartilage cells receive nutrients if cartilage is avascular?

A

Cartilagenous matrix diffuses metabolites

44
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A connective tissue that envelops cartilage that is not at a joint

45
Q

What is the connective tissue that envelops cartilage tissue that is not at a joint

A

the Perichondrium

46
Q

On what surface type is cartilage usually found? Where is this?

A

Atricular surfaces.

=on joints

47
Q

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Abundant gel ground substance

48
Q

What does hyaline cartilage provide?

A

A smooth surface that allows tissues to easily move over each other

49
Q

What is fibrocartilage a mix between?

A

Hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous tissue

50
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Vertebral discs and joints

51
Q

What does fibrocartilage contain?

What do they provide?

A

Abundant collagen fibres

Provides strength

52
Q

What does elastic cartilage provide?

A

Structural support and flexibility

53
Q

What are elastic fibres synthesised by?

A

Chondrocytes

Tissues (8 decks)

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