cartilage and bone

Question 1

type of cartilage

Answer 1

hyaline cartilage (trachea)
elastic cartilage (nose ear larynx)
fiberocartilage (interverbral dics)

Question 2

collagen type

Answer 2

collagen type ii : hyaline
type I: firocartilage
elastic: elastic

Question 3

ground substance of cartilage

Answer 3

proteoglycan (keratan SO4, chondroitin SO4)
various glycoproteins chondronectin
hyaluronic acid

Question 4

knockout fibulin-5 glycoprotein

Answer 4

skin skretchy

Question 5

regulation of cartilage growth

Answer 5

Stimulate protein synthesis:
growth hormone
thyoid hormone
thestosterone

Retard protein synthesis:
corticosteroids
estradiol
retinoids (vitamin A)

Question 6

bone ground substance

Answer 6

glycoproteins: sialoprotein, osteocalcin
minerals: crystals of hydroxyapatitie

Question 8

osteoprogenitor cell

Answer 8

stem cell

Question 9

periostuem

Answer 9

contian fibrocyte and osteoprogenitor cells

Question 10

cementing line

Answer 10

seal haversian system using cementum

Question 12

how osteoclase digest a bone

Answer 12

osteoclast receive the signal
find a bone
seal on the bone (circumferential clear zone)
carbonic anhydrase: break CO2 H2O to H+ and HCO3-
create acidic environment
lysosome go into the C.C. zone
acid phosphatase breack down phosphate and calcium
package and send calcium to blood vessel hten stip breaking the bone

Question 13

Bone formation
(flat bone)

Answer 13

intramembrane ossification
Take place within plates of mesenchymal cells(differentiate to)
osteoblast: primary site of ossification, synthesize ECM& fibers, encapsulation of the osteocytes, spicules forming
secondary ossification centers develop: on the periphery the mesenchymal cells differentiate to periosteum
ossification centers grow radially and fuse and the resulting bone is generally spongy
Osteoid: bone matrix before it’s calcified

Question 14

Bone formation (long bone)

Answer 14

primary ossification center:
1.diaphysis the perichondrium is transformed into periosteum (bone collar)
2.bone collar prevent diffusion of nutrient and cartilage degenerates
3.blood vessel invade from perichondrium/periosteum the space left by the degenerating chondrocytes and carry osteoprogenitor cells
4.differentiating osteoblasts divide and secrete ECM

secondary ossification center: epiphyses
cartilage degenerates and is invaded by blood vessels from the perichondrium transormed into periosteum
cartilage persist in articular surfface and epiphyseal plate

osteoclast: resorption of calcified cartilage and woven bone leading to the formation of a hollow marrow

Question 15

endochondral ossification permits growth in length

Answer 15

related to GH
epiphyseal plate stay same

Question 16

5 growth of bone

Answer 16

1. grow in length
   2.radial growth (perichondrium)
   3.formation of new spicules
   4.remodeling of funnel by osteoclast
   5.addition of bone from osteoblast on periostal surface

Question 17

Ca metabolism

Answer 17

parathyroid hormone (PTH) active clast (act priarily on blast, and it stop producing bone)

start the secretion of clast stimulating factor

hormone calcitonin produced by thyroid gland inhibits bone resorption