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HISTOLOGY - MIDTERM > CARTILAGE AND BONE > Flashcards

CARTILAGE AND BONE Flashcards

1
Q

cartilages are for?

A

support of soft tissues
formation and growth of long bones
durability of articular joints

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2
Q

why cartilage can support soft tissues

A

because it serves as the framework for the skeleton of a fetusq

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3
Q

Formation and growth of long bones
Support the formation of long bones particularly the _____ cartilage type

A

hyaline

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4
Q

where can we found cartilage in our body

A

articular joints
In the sternal ends of ribs, some parts of the respiratory system, the external ear, tendons and ligaments

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5
Q

the ground substance in cartilage matrix is mostly made up of

A

proteoglycans,

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6
Q

aside from proteoglycan, the ground substance of the cartilage matrix is made up of glycoprotein called

A

chondronectin

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7
Q

chondronectin

A

it promote adherence of collagen fibers to the cell surface of the chondrocytes

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8
Q

cartilage consists only of what extracellular fibers

A

either collagen or elastic fiber

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9
Q

how yo identify the type of cartilage among the 3 types

A

identify the protein component and extracellular fiber type

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10
Q

the two type of cartilage that is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

A

hyalin and elastic cartilage

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11
Q

a dense irregular connective tissue, that is composed of fibroblasts and associated fibers and ground substance.

A

perichondrium

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12
Q

E. The cartilage itself is _______of blood vessels.

A

devoid

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13
Q

Chondrocytes are nourished by the _____ of nutrients from the surrounding tissues or synovial fluid of the joint cavities

A

diffusion

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14
Q

Most abundant type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

fiber component of hyaline cartilage

A

collagen type II fibers

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16
Q

Dominant protein component
of extracellular matrix is
.

A

collagen (type 2)

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17
Q

it appears glistening and fairly white in fresh specimen

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

b. Translucent to bluish-white in life

A

hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

c. Important in embryonic
formation and later growth of long bones

A

hyaline cartlage

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20
Q

hyaline cartilage comprises the _____ where long bones takes place

A

epiphyseal plates

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21
Q

hyaline cartilage in surfaces of bone joints are called

A

Articular cartilage

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22
Q

hyaline cartilage in the ends of the ribs are called

A

coastal cartilage

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23
Q

other than coastal an articulate cartilages, where can we found some hyaline cartilage?

A

outer wall of respiratoru passages such as Trachea and bronchi. In some parts of the larynx. Including nose and ears

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24
Q

Vascularized connective tissue sheath surrounding
cartilage (except in case of articular cartilage).

A

perichondrium

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25
Q

Inner layer contains cells that are thought by some to
be fibroblasts and by others to be undifferentiated
mesenchyme cells. In any event, the cells can
differentiate to form chondroblasts.

A

perichondrium

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26
Q

all (hyaline) cartilages are enveloped by dense irregular connective tissue that is special because of its chondrogenic potency or the ability to form cartilage,

A

perichondrium

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27
Q

two layers of perichondrium

A

fibrous layer and chondrogenic layer

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28
Q

consists of fibroblast and stem cells known as osteoprogenitor stem cells that may differentiate into either chondroblast or osteoblast

A

perichondrium

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29
Q

immature cartilage cells. Secrete extracellular matrix, but are not yet imprisoned in a lacunae

A

chondroblasts

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30
Q

are cells that synthesize the precursors of the extracellular fibers including the organic component of the cartilage matrix

A

chondroblasts

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31
Q

are FREE CELLS, not yet found inside the cavity – LACUNAE

A

chondroblasts

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32
Q

once the cell are already imprisoned inside the lacunae, they are referred to as

A

CHONDROCYTES

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33
Q

Sometimes form groups of 2 or 3 - isogenic group

A

CHONDROCYTES

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34
Q

____ chondrocytes are capable of mitosis

A

young or young chondrocytes

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35
Q

Young chondrocytes form daughter cells known as the ________
These ______ tend to stay close to each other

A

isogenous cells

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36
Q

________ chondrocytes are elliptical in shape

A

young or young chondrocytes

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37
Q

___ chondrocytes are larger and rounder

A

matured or matured chondrocytes

38
Q

a type of cartilage that can undergo calcification

A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

hyaline cartilage under the microscope

A

cells are far apart from each other except for the isogenous cells

40
Q

protein component of elastic cartilage

A

protein elastin

41
Q

fiber component of elastic cartilage

A

elastic fiber

42
Q

More flexible than hyaline cartilage

A

elastic cartilage

43
Q

elastic cartilage will appear ____ due to elastin component

A

yellow

44
Q

where can we found elastic cartilage

A

Auricle and external acoustic meatus of the ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and other parts of the larynx

45
Q

describe elastic fiber under the microscope

A

Cells are close to each other; isogenic cells are hard to identify, thin fiber because of elastic fiber

46
Q

An irregular, dense, fibrous
tissue with thinly
dispersed, encapsulated
chondrocytes

A

Fibrous Cartilage (Fibrocartilage)

47
Q

Contains many very large
bundles of collagen fibers
(type 1)

A

fibrocartilage

48
Q

protein component of fibrocatilage

A

collagen type 1

49
Q

a type of cartilage that Can withstand greater stress

A

fibrocartilage

50
Q

Transitional stage between
Dense regular connective tissue and cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

51
Q

where can we find fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral discs, surface layers of tendons and ligaments

52
Q

Perichondrium is not appreciated as distinct entity because the cartilage is continuous with the dense regular connective tissue that surrounds it

A

fibrocartilage

53
Q

appearance of fibrocartilage under the microscope

A

group of cells that are arranged in straight row, thick layers of collagen fibers

54
Q

2 mechanisms involve in the growth of a cartilage

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

55
Q

also known as the endogenous growth

A

This refers to the growth of the cartilage from within.

56
Q

Responsible for the growth in length of the long bones

A

Interstitial growth

57
Q

The one responsible in the interstitial growth of the cartilage are the ____

A

young chondrocytes

58
Q

This sort of growth of
cartilage is termed _____
growth due to the secretion
of matrix into the interstitial
regions between cells or
groups of cells.

A

interstitial

59
Q

Also known as the exogenous growth

A

appositional growth

60
Q

a growth that is the responsibility of the perichondrium

A

appositional growth

61
Q

Comprise the bulk of the adult skeleton and forms a rigid framework for the body

A

bone

62
Q

It will also protect vital organs. Serves as levers for muscles. Store houses for calcium and phosphorous

A

bone

63
Q

it has osteogenic potency or the ability to form bone, the special connective tissue with osteogenic potency that covers the external surfaces of bone is known as the ______

A

periosteum

64
Q

while that which lines the internal surfaces and cavities of the bone is called the ________

A

endosteum

65
Q

the inner layer of periosteum is called

A

osteogenic layer

66
Q

Sometimes bundles of collagen fibers from periosteum get trapped within the bone matrix and form distinct structural entity known as the _____

A

Sharpey’s fibers

67
Q

_____ serves to anchor the periosteum to the bone more firmly

A

Sharpey’s fibers

68
Q

Lines all medullary marrow and vascular cavities of the bone

A

endosteum

69
Q

how many layer are there in osteoprogenitor stem cells of the bone

A

1 layer/ single

70
Q

Both ___ and _)__would nourished the bone cells and important for the formation and repair of the bones

A

periosteum, endosteum

71
Q

2 forms of bone tissue

A

spongy and compact

72
Q

Consists of numerous interconnecting bone fragments

A

spongy bone

73
Q

a spongy bone is consists of numerous interconnecting bone fragments called

A

spicules or trabeculae

74
Q

make up the bulk of the compact bone

A

haversian system or osteon

75
Q

This consists of several bone lamellae together with their associated lacunae and osteocytes that are arranged concentrically around the vascular channel

A

haversian system or osteon

76
Q

inorganic material found in bone aside from calcium and phosphorous

A

bicarbonate, magnesium, postassium, citrate, sodium

77
Q

They are responsible for the synthesis of the precursor of collagen fibers as well as the organic constituent of the bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

78
Q

When actively synthesizing secretory materials an osteoblast are ____ in shape

A

are relatively large cell that is round, polygonal, or cuboidal in terms of shape

79
Q

These cells are seen as a flat cell with numerous cytoplasmic processes that occupy the canaliculi of the lacunae

A

osteocytes

80
Q

Are the cells that occupy the lacunae in the bone tissue

A

osteocytes

81
Q

They don’t divide but retain enough secretory power to maintain the bone matrix that surrounds them

A

osteocytes

82
Q

These are large multi-nucleated cells
Cells that are primarily responsible for the bone resorption or breakdown of bone

A

osteoclasts

83
Q

Bone resorption is accomplished by the osteoclasts in the ___

A

ruffled border

84
Q

what is release by the osteoclasts to acidify the area and decaldify bone

A

hydrogen

85
Q

the primary regulator of calcium level that is secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormone

86
Q

whtat opposes the function of PTH that inhibits bone resorption by directly suppressing osteoclasts that would decrease blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

87
Q

2 mechanism of bone formation

A

intramembranous and endochondral

88
Q

type of ossification that would produce most of the flat bones of the skull e.g parietal and occipital bones
- Direct formation of the bone structure

A

Intramembranous ossification

89
Q

that involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Type of ossification that forms the most of the bone of the limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column

A

endhocondral ossification

90
Q

where can we find the haversian canal?

A

at the center of osteon

91
Q

Are in contact with neighboring osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that extend through small tunnels called canaliculi.

A

osteocytes

92
Q

Are located on the surfaces of forming bone and are not yet embedded in the calcified extracellular (osteoid) matrix.

A

osteoblasts

HISTOLOGY - MIDTERM (4 decks)

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