CARTILAGE AND BONE

Question 1

cartilages are for?

Answer 1

support of soft tissues
formation and growth of long bones
durability of articular joints

Question 2

why cartilage can support soft tissues

Answer 2

because it serves as the framework for the skeleton of a fetusq

Question 3

Formation and growth of long bones
Support the formation of long bones particularly the _____ cartilage type

Answer 3

hyaline

Question 4

where can we found cartilage in our body

Answer 4

articular joints
In the sternal ends of ribs, some parts of the respiratory system, the external ear, tendons and ligaments

Question 5

the ground substance in cartilage matrix is mostly made up of

Answer 5

proteoglycans,

Question 6

aside from proteoglycan, the ground substance of the cartilage matrix is made up of glycoprotein called

Answer 6

chondronectin

Question 7

chondronectin

Answer 7

it promote adherence of collagen fibers to the cell surface of the chondrocytes

Question 8

cartilage consists only of what extracellular fibers

Answer 8

either collagen or elastic fiber

Question 9

how yo identify the type of cartilage among the 3 types

Answer 9

identify the protein component and extracellular fiber type

Question 10

the two type of cartilage that is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Answer 10

hyalin and elastic cartilage

Question 11

a dense irregular connective tissue, that is composed of fibroblasts and associated fibers and ground substance.

Answer 11

perichondrium

Question 12

E. The cartilage itself is _______of blood vessels.

Answer 12

devoid

Question 13

Chondrocytes are nourished by the _____ of nutrients from the surrounding tissues or synovial fluid of the joint cavities

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

Most abundant type of cartilage

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage

Question 15

fiber component of hyaline cartilage

Answer 15

collagen type II fibers

Question 16

Dominant protein component
of extracellular matrix is
.

Answer 16

collagen (type 2)

Question 17

it appears glistening and fairly white in fresh specimen

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage

Question 18

b. Translucent to bluish-white in life

Answer 18

hyaline cartilage

Question 19

c. Important in embryonic
formation and later growth of long bones

Answer 19

hyaline cartlage

Question 20

hyaline cartilage comprises the _____ where long bones takes place

Answer 20

epiphyseal plates

Question 21

hyaline cartilage in surfaces of bone joints are called

Answer 21

Articular cartilage

Question 22

hyaline cartilage in the ends of the ribs are called

Answer 22

coastal cartilage

Question 23

other than coastal an articulate cartilages, where can we found some hyaline cartilage?

Answer 23

outer wall of respiratoru passages such as Trachea and bronchi. In some parts of the larynx. Including nose and ears

Question 24

Vascularized connective tissue sheath surrounding
cartilage (except in case of articular cartilage).

Answer 24

perichondrium

Question 25

Inner layer contains cells that are thought by some to be fibroblasts and by others to be undifferentiated mesenchyme cells. In any event, the cells can differentiate to form chondroblasts.

Answer 25

perichondrium

Question 26

all (hyaline) cartilages are enveloped by dense irregular connective tissue that is special because of its chondrogenic potency or the ability to form cartilage,

Answer 26

perichondrium

Question 27

two layers of perichondrium

Answer 27

fibrous layer and chondrogenic layer

Question 28

consists of fibroblast and stem cells known as osteoprogenitor stem cells that may differentiate into either chondroblast or osteoblast

Answer 28

perichondrium

Question 29

immature cartilage cells. Secrete extracellular matrix, but are not yet imprisoned in a lacunae

Answer 29

chondroblasts

Question 30

are cells that synthesize the precursors of the extracellular fibers including the organic component of the cartilage matrix

Answer 30

chondroblasts

Question 31

are FREE CELLS, not yet found inside the cavity – LACUNAE

Answer 31

chondroblasts

Question 32

once the cell are already imprisoned inside the lacunae, they are referred to as

Answer 32

CHONDROCYTES

Question 33

Sometimes form groups of 2 or 3 - isogenic group

Answer 33

CHONDROCYTES

Question 34

____ chondrocytes are capable of mitosis

Answer 34

young or young chondrocytes

Question 35

Young chondrocytes form daughter cells known as the ________ These ______ tend to stay close to each other

Answer 35

isogenous cells

Question 36

________ chondrocytes are elliptical in shape

Answer 36

young or young chondrocytes

Question 37

___ chondrocytes are larger and rounder

Answer 37

matured or matured chondrocytes

Question 38

a type of cartilage that can undergo calcification

Answer 38

hyaline cartilage

Question 39

hyaline cartilage under the microscope

Answer 39

cells are far apart from each other except for the isogenous cells

Question 40

protein component of elastic cartilage

Answer 40

protein elastin

Question 41

fiber component of elastic cartilage

Answer 41

elastic fiber

Question 42

More flexible than hyaline cartilage

Answer 42

elastic cartilage

Question 43

elastic cartilage will appear ____ due to elastin component

Answer 43

yellow

Question 44

where can we found elastic cartilage

Answer 44

Auricle and external acoustic meatus of the ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and other parts of the larynx

Question 45

describe elastic fiber under the microscope

Answer 45

Cells are close to each other; isogenic cells are hard to identify, thin fiber because of elastic fiber

Question 46

An irregular, dense, fibrous tissue with thinly dispersed, encapsulated chondrocytes

Answer 46

Fibrous Cartilage (Fibrocartilage)

Question 47

Contains many very large bundles of collagen fibers (type 1)

Answer 47

fibrocartilage

Question 48

protein component of fibrocatilage

Answer 48

collagen type 1

Question 49

a type of cartilage that Can withstand greater stress

Answer 49

fibrocartilage

Question 50

Transitional stage between Dense regular connective tissue and cartilage

Answer 50

fibrocartilage

Question 51

where can we find fibrocartilage

Answer 51

Intervertebral discs, surface layers of tendons and ligaments

Question 52

Perichondrium is not appreciated as distinct entity because the cartilage is continuous with the dense regular connective tissue that surrounds it

Answer 52

fibrocartilage

Question 53

appearance of fibrocartilage under the microscope

Answer 53

group of cells that are arranged in straight row, thick layers of collagen fibers

Question 54

2 mechanisms involve in the growth of a cartilage

Answer 54

interstitial growth and appositional growth

Question 55

also known as the endogenous growth

Answer 55

This refers to the growth of the cartilage from within.

Question 56

Responsible for the growth in length of the long bones

Answer 56

Interstitial growth

Question 57

The one responsible in the interstitial growth of the cartilage are the ____

Answer 57

young chondrocytes

Question 58

This sort of growth of cartilage is termed _____ growth due to the secretion of matrix into the interstitial regions between cells or groups of cells.

Answer 58

interstitial

Question 59

Also known as the exogenous growth

Answer 59

appositional growth

Question 60

a growth that is the responsibility of the perichondrium

Answer 60

appositional growth

Question 61

Comprise the bulk of the adult skeleton and forms a rigid framework for the body

Answer 61

bone

Question 62

It will also protect vital organs. Serves as levers for muscles. Store houses for calcium and phosphorous

Answer 62

bone

Question 63

it has osteogenic potency or the ability to form bone, the special connective tissue with osteogenic potency that covers the external surfaces of bone is known as the ______

Answer 63

periosteum

Question 64

while that which lines the internal surfaces and cavities of the bone is called the ________

Answer 64

endosteum

Question 65

the inner layer of periosteum is called

Answer 65

osteogenic layer

Question 66

Sometimes bundles of collagen fibers from periosteum get trapped within the bone matrix and form distinct structural entity known as the _____

Answer 66

Sharpey’s fibers

Question 67

_____ serves to anchor the periosteum to the bone more firmly

Answer 67

Sharpey’s fibers

Question 68

Lines all medullary marrow and vascular cavities of the bone

Answer 68

endosteum

Question 69

how many layer are there in osteoprogenitor stem cells of the bone

Answer 69

1 layer/ single

Question 70

Both ___ and _)__would nourished the bone cells and important for the formation and repair of the bones

Answer 70

periosteum, endosteum

Question 71

2 forms of bone tissue

Answer 71

spongy and compact

Question 72

Consists of numerous interconnecting bone fragments

Answer 72

spongy bone

Question 73

a spongy bone is consists of numerous interconnecting bone fragments called

Answer 73

spicules or trabeculae

Question 74

make up the bulk of the compact bone

Answer 74

haversian system or osteon

Question 75

This consists of several bone lamellae together with their associated lacunae and osteocytes that are arranged concentrically around the vascular channel

Answer 75

haversian system or osteon

Question 76

inorganic material found in bone aside from calcium and phosphorous

Answer 76

bicarbonate, magnesium, postassium, citrate, sodium

Question 77

They are responsible for the synthesis of the precursor of collagen fibers as well as the organic constituent of the bone matrix

Answer 77

osteoblasts

Question 78

When actively synthesizing secretory materials an osteoblast are ____ in shape

Answer 78

are relatively large cell that is round, polygonal, or cuboidal in terms of shape

Question 79

These cells are seen as a flat cell with numerous cytoplasmic processes that occupy the canaliculi of the lacunae

Answer 79

osteocytes

Question 80

Are the cells that occupy the lacunae in the bone tissue

Answer 80

osteocytes

Question 81

They don’t divide but retain enough secretory power to maintain the bone matrix that surrounds them

Answer 81

osteocytes

Question 82

These are large multi-nucleated cells Cells that are primarily responsible for the bone resorption or breakdown of bone

Answer 82

osteoclasts

Question 83

Bone resorption is accomplished by the osteoclasts in the ___

Answer 83

ruffled border

Question 84

what is release by the osteoclasts to acidify the area and decaldify bone

Answer 84

hydrogen

Question 85

the primary regulator of calcium level that is secreted by the parathyroid gland

Answer 85

parathyroid hormone

Question 86

whtat opposes the function of PTH that inhibits bone resorption by directly suppressing osteoclasts that would decrease blood calcium level

Answer 86

calcitonin

Question 87

2 mechanism of bone formation

Answer 87

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 88

type of ossification that would produce most of the flat bones of the skull e.g parietal and occipital bones - Direct formation of the bone structure

Answer 88

Intramembranous ossification

Question 89

that involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Type of ossification that forms the most of the bone of the limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column

Answer 89

endhocondral ossification

Question 90

where can we find the haversian canal?

Answer 90

at the center of osteon

Question 91

Are in contact with neighboring osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that extend through small tunnels called canaliculi.

Answer 91

osteocytes

Question 92

Are located on the surfaces of forming bone and are not yet embedded in the calcified extracellular (osteoid) matrix.

Answer 92

osteoblasts