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BS II, Module III > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage Properties

  • Special class of _____ deposited by chondrocyte cells.
  • _____.
  • Permeable (conducts nutrients and water).
  • Flexible but weight-bearing (resistant to compression).
  • Elastic and resilient.
  • Resistant to shear forces.
  • Slippery (low friction at articular joints).
  • Poor _____.
  • Can be calcified (functionally or pathologically).
  • Evolutionarily _____ skeletal element.
A

connective tissue
avascular
regenerative capacity
old

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2
Q

Cartilage Properties

avascular > impt for the nutrition of the tissue > diffusion is via _____ within the chondrocytes

flexible > _____

resistant to compression > via _____

chondrocytes = _____ > cannot divide (poor regenerative capacity)

calcification of cart > pathological > depends on the diffusion of _____ > will be impeded by the calcification > degeneration of cartilage and loss of functionality

can be a _____ > shark skeleton; can be calcified to strengthen the skeletal element (very different from how bones are mineralized) (calcification v mineraliziation)

A 
simple diffusion
fibrillar collagen (type II)
proteoglycans
post-mitotic
nutrients
skeletal element
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3
Q

Composition of Cartilage
• Cells
– Chondrocyte.

• Fibers
– Hyaline:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen 
– Elastic:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen
• Elastic Fibers 
– Fibrocartilage:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen
  • ECM:
  • GAGs
  • Proteoglycans
A

I
II
I

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4
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondroblast

  • Progenitor of _____.
  • Lines border between _____ and matrix.
  • Secretes type _____ collagen and other ECM components

chondroblasts capable of _____ (within the perichondrium)

A

chondrocytes
perichondrium
II

mitosis/division

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5
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

• \_\_\_\_\_ cartilage cell.
• Reside in a space called the \_\_\_\_\_.
• Clear areas = lipid droplets.
• Chondrocytes completely fill their lacunae.
• Prominent \_\_\_\_\_.
• Synthetically \_\_\_\_\_, secrete matrix.
A

mature
lacuna
endoplasmic reticulum
active

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6
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

cannot divide more than _____ times at most; essentially they are terminal (fully differentiated)

embedded in the ECM that is deposited by the cells

lacuna = _____

A

2-3

lake

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7
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

cells have white masses within > chondrocytes are known to store _____ as their source of energy

the lipids are removed during the preparation of the tissue (it used to be lcoated within the white region)

can also accumulate _____; _____ is the most important source of energy

very _____ in terms of secretion > make different types of ECM (territorial/interterritorial matrices)

A

lipids
glycogen
adipose
active

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8
Q

Cartilage Collagen Fibrils
• Type II Collagen:
• Major fibril-forming collagen in _____.
• Forms fibrils similar to Type I in CT, with lower
_____.

  • Type XI Collagen:
  • _____ fibril-forming collagen.
  • Associated to the surface of type _____ collagen fibrils:
  • The ratio of types II and XI determines the _____.
  • Type IX Collagen:
  • _____ collagen on the fibril surface
  • Allows interaction with other _____ components (e.g. chondroitin sulfate)
A

cartilage
diameter

minor
II
fibril diameter

fibril-associated
ECM

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9
Q

Cartilage of Collagen Fibrils

cartilage is _____ > you can find multiple types of collagen

type XI > always found on surface of collagen fibril > determines the diameter of the fibril (high? > the fibril is very _____, if it is low? > the fibril is very _____)

type IX > contains a region that doesn’t form _____ > but is very flexible > introduces a _____ in the molecule > free to interact with other molecules, like proteoglycans

A

heterotypic
thin
thick

triple helix
kink

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10
Q 
Cartilage ECM Composition
• Ground Substance: 
– Proteoglycans:
• \_\_\_\_\_ (most abundant PG).
• Perlecan.

– Non-collagenous Proteins:
• Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP).
• Matrilins
– Growth Factors.

A

Aggrecan

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11
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)

• \_\_\_\_\_ PGs: complexes with \_\_\_\_\_: 
– Hyaluronic acid (HA) core.
– \_\_\_\_\_:
• Core Protein.
• \_\_\_\_\_ Sulfate 
• \_\_\_\_\_ Sulfate
– Link Protein.
A 
Aggregating
HA
aggrecan
chondroitin
keratin
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12
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PG)

two types of PG in cartilage: aggregating PG’s and non-aggregating PG’s

mostly PTM by chondroiton sulfate CS and KS ???

A

LOOK UP NOTES

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13
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)
• Non-Aggregating PGs: interact with _____ fibrils:
– _____ (contains Dermatan Sulfate [DS]).
– Biglycan (DS).
– Fibromodulin (KS).
– Lumican (KS).

• Perlecan (a HS PG usually present in _____).

IX has a kink and free _____ domain can interact with PG’s

very _____, _____, high affinity for water due to the presence of high GAG

A 
decorin
basement membranes
N terminal
polar
acidic
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14
Q

Cartilage Organization

cartilage is surrounded by double layer of cells known as the _____ (two sub-layers)

large proportion is due to the presence of ECM > some regions are more _____ > in close proximity to lacunae (highly stained) > _____ matrices

as you move from the lacunae, the density _____ and it is now known as the _____ matrix

difference bt the two types: territorial is richer in _____ and it doesn’t contain as many _____; interterritorial is the opposite

A

perichondrium
dense
territorial

drops
inter-territorial

collagen fibrils
PGs

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15
Q

Territorial and Interterritorial Matrices

two chondrocytes sharing the same lacuna; when two+ cells share the same lacuna, that means they are all derived from _____ (a clone of that cell, they’re now _____ cells) > group of cells is known as an _____

_____ is apparent > a lot of secretion is occuring

A

ancestral chondroblast
sister
isogenous group

RER

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16
Q

Cartilage Development and Chondrocyte Differentiation

1/2; bc the lab experiments occur during the day

condensation of _____ cell (_____) > in condensed _____ > still _____ and mesenchymal cells

the aggregation of TF > differentiation of prechondrcytes to _____; the chondrocytes/blasts are stained in blue (alcium blue)

A

mesenchymal
pluripotent
prechondrocyte
fibroblasts

chondrocytes

17
Q

Cartilage Organization: Perichondrium

• Surrounds most cartilages.
• Two layers:
– Outer \_\_\_\_\_ (or fibrogenic) layer:
• Spindly, fibrogenic cells, \_\_\_\_\_ between CT and cartilage.
• Contains \_\_\_\_\_.

– Inner _____ layer:
• Produces _____.

A

fibrous
transitional
blood vessels

chondrogenic
chondroblast precursors

18
Q

Cartilage Organization: Perichondrium

fibrous later is stained _____ > cells are more non-specialized fibroblasts > transitional bt reg conn tissue and cartilage > capable of _____; provide the precursors to the _____ layer

chondrogenic > mostly formed by _____; derived from the division of cells from the _____ layer; these chondroblasts are capable of further _____

two daughter cells from chondroblast > one cell stays in the _____ layer (and can divide further later); the other cell will move to the growing cartilage and _____ into chondroblast (like TAC)

A

pink
division
chondrogenic

chondroblasts
fibrous
division

chondrogenic
terminally differentiate

19
Q

Cartilage Growth: Appositional vs. Interstitial

appositional growth: mediated by the _____; growth that takes place through the division of cells in perichondrium (chondroblasts) > providing more and more cells to the cartilage; the tissue is growing in the _____ direction

_____ days into development perichondrium is located in middle; then it migrates to where it is; grows wider and wider; more cells, more ECM; in a 3D way, all the cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium

interstitial growth: limited mitosis that takes place _____ the tissue (chondrocytes divide several times > isogenous groups: 2-4-8 cells sharing the same lacuna) > produce more matrix > provide more matrix…..?

appositional growtth in dimensional is by appositional growth

A

perichondrium
upward

two/three

within

20
Q

Appositional Growth
Appositional growth: New layers of cells and ECM are added to the _____ of the cartilage.

  • Overall size of cartilage _____.
  • E.g. increase in size of embryonic cartilage template (_____) of skeleton.
  1. Surrounding CT.
  2. Perichondrium (fibrous layer):
    Spindly, fibrogenic cells, transitional
    between CT and cartilage. 3. Perichondrium (chondrogenic layer):
    Cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete and assemble Type _____ collagen.

_____ > regulates the transcription of several important genes of cartilage biology

A

surface
increase
anlagen
II

Sox9

21
Q

Campomelic Dysplasia

• Sox9: transcription factor that controls the expression of _____ collagen and _____ genes.
• Sox9 gene mutated in campomelic* dysplasia, with _____ inheritance
• Defective _____ cells remain in the perichondrium and do not differentiate into _____.

• Phenotype:
• \_\_\_\_\_ and angulation of long bones.
• Hypoplasia of the pelvic and scapular
bones.
• Abnormalities of the \_\_\_\_\_. 
• Decrease in the number of \_\_\_\_\_.
• Craniofacial abnormalities.
A 
type II
aggrecan
autosomal dominant
chondrogenic cells
chondrocytes

bowing
vertebral column
ribs

22
Q

Interstitial Growth

formation of _____; division of chondrocytes (1-3 times of division)

really important in the formation of bone > _____ ossification

A

isogenous groups

endochondral

23
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

• _____.
• Surrounded by perichondrium (except in
_____ cartilage).
• Chondrocytes show _____ and
_____ matrices.
• ECM fibers of _____ collagen (invisible with
light microscopy by having the same _____ as the matrix).

• Locations:
• temporary \_\_\_\_\_.
• articular cartilage.
• \_\_\_\_\_ (nose, larynx, trachea, and
bronchi).
• intercostal cartilages.
A 
avasular
articular
territorial
inter-territorial
type II
refractive index

embryonic skeleton
respiratory tract

24
Q

Hyaline Cartilage: Basophilic matrix

The basophilia (redly stain) in the matrix is due to the high density of _____ charges in the GAG subunits, which attract the _____ charged dye, hematoxylin.

A

negative

position

25
Q

Tracheal Hyaline Cartilage

rings are formed by _____ cartilage; surrounded by perichondrium in _____ directions

you can see the presence of _____ groups here

A

hyaline
both
isogenous

26
Q

Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage

• Functions:
– Smooth surface: reduces _____.
– Resists _____ forces.

• No _____:
– Pain-free motion of joints.
– Non-perception of injury.

• No _____:
– No bruising.
– Nutrition and hydration from _____.
– No _____: repair is impaired.

No _____

_____ prevents the touching of two bones and acts as a lubricant

A

friction
compressive

nerves
blood vessels
synovial fluid
connective tissue

perichondrium

synovial fluid

27
Q

Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage

• Structure:
– Hyaline cartilage without
\_\_\_\_\_.
• Superficial tangential zone: collagen-
\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_ motion.
• Middle (or transitional) zone.
• Deeper (or radial) PG-\_\_\_\_\_ zone: resistance to \_\_\_\_\_.

• May calcify in the _____ of the bone.

A 
perichondrium
rich
frictionless
rich
compression
vicinity
28
Q

Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage

STZ: the collagen is deposited in a _____ fashion to the surface of artciulation

middle zone: most of _____ is located here; more randomly deposited but still mostly parallel organization; also less rich in collagen, not as _____

deep zone (radial): collagen fibers are deposited _____ to the tissue; very rich in _____ > most resistant to compression forces

at the connecting area bt cartilage and bone > may _____ > forming a _____ connection bt cartilage and bone

A

parallel
tissue
dense

perpendicular
PG

calcify
mineral

29
Q

Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage

• Nutrition and Compression:
– Resting:
• PGs are hydrophilic: _____.
• PG swelling = collagen _____.

– Compression:
• Water is displaced.
• PG concentration _____.

– Relaxation:
• _____ drawn back to restore equilibrium.
• Nutrients are imported with the _____.

if something happens to synovial fluid; inflammation or destruction of syn membrane cells (pathologic cells: _____) > nutrition of cartilage will be comprimised; _____; decay and there will be direct contact of _____ contact

A

swelling
resistance

increases

water
water

rhematoid arthritis
starve
bone-to-bone

30
Q 
Elastic Cartilage
• \_\_\_\_\_.
• Surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_.
• Chondrocytes show \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
matrices.
• ECM fibers of Type \_\_\_\_\_ collagen and \_\_\_\_\_.
• Functions: Resiliency and pliability.
• Locations:
• \_\_\_\_\_ ear 
• Epiglottis
• \_\_\_\_\_
• Bridge of nose
A 
avascular
perichondrium
territorial
interterritorial
II
elastin
external
auditory tube
31
Q 
Fibrocartilage
• \_\_\_\_\_.
• Lacks a \_\_\_\_\_.
• \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ aligned along
stress lines.

• ECM fibers: dense bundles of Type _____ collagen.

  • Functions:
  • Resistance to compression and shear forces.
  • Considered intermediate between _____ and _____.
  • Locations:
  • _____ of the intervertebral disks
  • Articular disks of the knee
  • _____
  • Sternoclavicular joints
  • _____ symphysis

the matrix that the cells deposit will be deposited along those lines make them more _____ to mechanical forces

A

avascular
perichondrium
chondrocytes
fibroblasts

I

hyaline cartilage
dense CT

annulus fibrosus
mandible
pubic

resistant

32
Q

Fibrocartilage: The Intervertebral Disks

• Intervertebral Disks:
– Nucleus Pulposus: \_\_\_\_\_.
– Annulus Fibrosus: \_\_\_\_\_.
• PGs induce tissue \_\_\_\_\_.
• Collagen and weight resist expansion.
•Long bed stays or \_\_\_\_\_ (space travel): disk expansion.

• Herniation:
– Increased swelling of the _____ with weakened _____.
– Nerve root _____ (e.g._____).

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
expansion
microgravity

nucelus
annulus
entrapment
sciatica

33
Q

Fibrocartilage: The Intervertebral Disks

force is perpindicular to the screen, falling along the body of the IVD

hyaline cart in NP > rich in _____ > take up water, and expand the tissue

fibrocartilage in AF > tries to balance the expansion of the hyaline cartilage by having plenty of _____

NP may go awry, may absorb too much water > swelling of the NP (hyaline cartilage) whcih induces the expansion of the AF > the organization is now off > resulting in a _____; the fibrocartilage can protude so far it can pinch a _____

only way to solve > _____; ultimately results in a contraction of the NP; allowing the AF to return to its original form (chymopapain does not damage _____)

A

PG
collagen

herniated disk
nerve

chemonucleolysis
collagen fibrils

34
Q

Cartilage Changes with Age
• PGs in older individuals are _____ with shorter _____ chains than in younger individuals.
• Chondrocytes less efficient in renewing the ECM, thus reducing _____ content.
• Reduced _____ content in the ECM: cartilage less able to resist compressive
forces.
• Results: ECM more vulnerable to injuries in _____; inflammatory
response to injury would cause painful symptoms of _____.

A 
smaller
chondroitin sulfate
PG
water
weight-bearing
arthritis
35
Q

Cartilage repair

• Very limited capacity for repair (avascular):
– Blood clot formation:
• Abrasion or drilling of _____ bone.

– Cell implantation:
• Chondrocytes/marrow stem cells.
• Artificial matrix for support.

– Tissue transplantation:
• _____ grafts.
• _____ grafts.

– Limitations:
• _____ availability – stem cells/allografts.
• _____ stability – growth factors.
• _____ integration.

A

subchondral

osteochondral
periosteal

cell/tissue
phenotype
chondral

36
Q

Drill of subchondral bone for cartilage repair

subchondral > just below the articular cartilage (in the epiphysis) > so the bone leaves and there are _____ will repair the bone; in the cartilage area they will differentiate into _____ in the appropriate area

A

osteoprogenitor cells

cartilage cells

37
Q

Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage

_____ main groups of chrondrodysplasias; due to genetic defects in proteins that form the _____, and in proteins that regulate the _____ of the chondrocyte or the deposition of the _____

on left: mutations in types of _____
on right: FGFR3 (_____)

LOOK UP THIS TABLE AND KNOW IT

A

two
ECM
life
matrix

collagen
dominant negative

38
Q

Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage

Defects in _____ macromolecules: COL2A1

Defects in _____ macromolecules: FGFR3, SOX9

A

matrix

cellular

39
Q

Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage

COL2A1:

  • Achondrogenesis type II
  • _____
  • Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
  • _____
  • Stickler dysplasia
  • _____

FGFR3:

  • _____
  • _____
  • Thanatophoric dysplasia type I
  • Thanatophoric dysplasia type II

SOX9:
-_____

A

hypochondrogenesis
kniest dysplasia
familial osteoarthritis

achondroplasia
hypochondroplasia

campomelic dysplasia

BS II, Module III (12 decks)

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