Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage Properties

  • Special class of _____ deposited by chondrocyte cells.
  • _____.
  • Permeable (conducts nutrients and water).
  • Flexible but weight-bearing (resistant to compression).
  • Elastic and resilient.
  • Resistant to shear forces.
  • Slippery (low friction at articular joints).
  • Poor _____.
  • Can be calcified (functionally or pathologically).
  • Evolutionarily _____ skeletal element.
A

connective tissue
avascular
regenerative capacity
old

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2
Q

Cartilage Properties

avascular > impt for the nutrition of the tissue > diffusion is via _____ within the chondrocytes

flexible > _____

resistant to compression > via _____

chondrocytes = _____ > cannot divide (poor regenerative capacity)

calcification of cart > pathological > depends on the diffusion of _____ > will be impeded by the calcification > degeneration of cartilage and loss of functionality

can be a _____ > shark skeleton; can be calcified to strengthen the skeletal element (very different from how bones are mineralized) (calcification v mineraliziation)

A
simple diffusion
fibrillar collagen (type II)
proteoglycans
post-mitotic
nutrients
skeletal element
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3
Q

Composition of Cartilage
• Cells
– Chondrocyte.

• Fibers
– Hyaline:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen 
– Elastic:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen
• Elastic Fibers 
– Fibrocartilage:
• Type \_\_\_\_\_ Collagen
  • ECM:
  • GAGs
  • Proteoglycans
A

I
II
I

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4
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondroblast

  • Progenitor of _____.
  • Lines border between _____ and matrix.
  • Secretes type _____ collagen and other ECM components

chondroblasts capable of _____ (within the perichondrium)

A

chondrocytes
perichondrium
II

mitosis/division

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5
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

• \_\_\_\_\_ cartilage cell.
• Reside in a space called the \_\_\_\_\_.
• Clear areas = lipid droplets.
• Chondrocytes completely fill their lacunae.
• Prominent \_\_\_\_\_.
• Synthetically \_\_\_\_\_, secrete matrix.
A

mature
lacuna
endoplasmic reticulum
active

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6
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

cannot divide more than _____ times at most; essentially they are terminal (fully differentiated)

embedded in the ECM that is deposited by the cells

lacuna = _____

A

2-3

lake

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7
Q

Cartilage Cells: Chondrocyte

cells have white masses within > chondrocytes are known to store _____ as their source of energy

the lipids are removed during the preparation of the tissue (it used to be lcoated within the white region)

can also accumulate _____; _____ is the most important source of energy

very _____ in terms of secretion > make different types of ECM (territorial/interterritorial matrices)

A

lipids
glycogen
adipose
active

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8
Q

Cartilage Collagen Fibrils
• Type II Collagen:
• Major fibril-forming collagen in _____.
• Forms fibrils similar to Type I in CT, with lower
_____.

  • Type XI Collagen:
  • _____ fibril-forming collagen.
  • Associated to the surface of type _____ collagen fibrils:
  • The ratio of types II and XI determines the _____.
  • Type IX Collagen:
  • _____ collagen on the fibril surface
  • Allows interaction with other _____ components (e.g. chondroitin sulfate)
A

cartilage
diameter

minor
II
fibril diameter

fibril-associated
ECM

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9
Q

Cartilage of Collagen Fibrils

cartilage is _____ > you can find multiple types of collagen

type XI > always found on surface of collagen fibril > determines the diameter of the fibril (high? > the fibril is very _____, if it is low? > the fibril is very _____)

type IX > contains a region that doesn’t form _____ > but is very flexible > introduces a _____ in the molecule > free to interact with other molecules, like proteoglycans

A

heterotypic
thin
thick

triple helix
kink

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10
Q
Cartilage ECM Composition
• Ground Substance: 
– Proteoglycans:
• \_\_\_\_\_ (most abundant PG).
• Perlecan.

– Non-collagenous Proteins:
• Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP).
• Matrilins
– Growth Factors.

A

Aggrecan

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11
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)

• \_\_\_\_\_ PGs: complexes with \_\_\_\_\_: 
– Hyaluronic acid (HA) core.
– \_\_\_\_\_:
• Core Protein.
• \_\_\_\_\_ Sulfate 
• \_\_\_\_\_ Sulfate
– Link Protein.
A
Aggregating
HA
aggrecan
chondroitin
keratin
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12
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PG)

two types of PG in cartilage: aggregating PG’s and non-aggregating PG’s

mostly PTM by chondroiton sulfate CS and KS ???

A

LOOK UP NOTES

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13
Q

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)

Cartilage Proteoglycans (PGs)
• Non-Aggregating PGs: interact with _____ fibrils:
– _____ (contains Dermatan Sulfate [DS]).
– Biglycan (DS).
– Fibromodulin (KS).
– Lumican (KS).

• Perlecan (a HS PG usually present in _____).

IX has a kink and free _____ domain can interact with PG’s

very _____, _____, high affinity for water due to the presence of high GAG

A
decorin
basement membranes
N terminal
polar
acidic
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14
Q

Cartilage Organization

cartilage is surrounded by double layer of cells known as the _____ (two sub-layers)

large proportion is due to the presence of ECM > some regions are more _____ > in close proximity to lacunae (highly stained) > _____ matrices

as you move from the lacunae, the density _____ and it is now known as the _____ matrix

difference bt the two types: territorial is richer in _____ and it doesn’t contain as many _____; interterritorial is the opposite

A

perichondrium
dense
territorial

drops
inter-territorial

collagen fibrils
PGs

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15
Q

Territorial and Interterritorial Matrices

two chondrocytes sharing the same lacuna; when two+ cells share the same lacuna, that means they are all derived from _____ (a clone of that cell, they’re now _____ cells) > group of cells is known as an _____

_____ is apparent > a lot of secretion is occuring

A

ancestral chondroblast
sister
isogenous group

RER

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16
Q

Cartilage Development and Chondrocyte Differentiation

1/2; bc the lab experiments occur during the day

condensation of _____ cell (_____) > in condensed _____ > still _____ and mesenchymal cells

the aggregation of TF > differentiation of prechondrcytes to _____; the chondrocytes/blasts are stained in blue (alcium blue)

A

mesenchymal
pluripotent
prechondrocyte
fibroblasts

chondrocytes

17
Q

Cartilage Organization: Perichondrium

• Surrounds most cartilages.
• Two layers:
– Outer \_\_\_\_\_ (or fibrogenic) layer:
• Spindly, fibrogenic cells, \_\_\_\_\_ between CT and cartilage.
• Contains \_\_\_\_\_.

– Inner _____ layer:
• Produces _____.

A

fibrous
transitional
blood vessels

chondrogenic
chondroblast precursors

18
Q

Cartilage Organization: Perichondrium

fibrous later is stained _____ > cells are more non-specialized fibroblasts > transitional bt reg conn tissue and cartilage > capable of _____; provide the precursors to the _____ layer

chondrogenic > mostly formed by _____; derived from the division of cells from the _____ layer; these chondroblasts are capable of further _____

two daughter cells from chondroblast > one cell stays in the _____ layer (and can divide further later); the other cell will move to the growing cartilage and _____ into chondroblast (like TAC)

A

pink
division
chondrogenic

chondroblasts
fibrous
division

chondrogenic
terminally differentiate

19
Q

Cartilage Growth: Appositional vs. Interstitial

appositional growth: mediated by the _____; growth that takes place through the division of cells in perichondrium (chondroblasts) > providing more and more cells to the cartilage; the tissue is growing in the _____ direction

_____ days into development perichondrium is located in middle; then it migrates to where it is; grows wider and wider; more cells, more ECM; in a 3D way, all the cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium

interstitial growth: limited mitosis that takes place _____ the tissue (chondrocytes divide several times > isogenous groups: 2-4-8 cells sharing the same lacuna) > produce more matrix > provide more matrix…..?

appositional growtth in dimensional is by appositional growth

A

perichondrium
upward

two/three

within

20
Q

Appositional Growth
Appositional growth: New layers of cells and ECM are added to the _____ of the cartilage.

  • Overall size of cartilage _____.
  • E.g. increase in size of embryonic cartilage template (_____) of skeleton.
  1. Surrounding CT.
  2. Perichondrium (fibrous layer):
    Spindly, fibrogenic cells, transitional
    between CT and cartilage. 3. Perichondrium (chondrogenic layer):
    Cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete and assemble Type _____ collagen.

_____ > regulates the transcription of several important genes of cartilage biology

A

surface
increase
anlagen
II

Sox9

21
Q

Campomelic Dysplasia

• Sox9: transcription factor that controls the expression of _____ collagen and _____ genes.
• Sox9 gene mutated in campomelic* dysplasia, with _____ inheritance
• Defective _____ cells remain in the perichondrium and do not differentiate into _____.

• Phenotype:
• \_\_\_\_\_ and angulation of long bones.
• Hypoplasia of the pelvic and scapular
bones.
• Abnormalities of the \_\_\_\_\_. 
• Decrease in the number of \_\_\_\_\_.
• Craniofacial abnormalities.
A
type II
aggrecan
autosomal dominant
chondrogenic cells
chondrocytes

bowing
vertebral column
ribs

22
Q

Interstitial Growth

formation of _____; division of chondrocytes (1-3 times of division)

really important in the formation of bone > _____ ossification

A

isogenous groups

endochondral

23
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

• _____.
• Surrounded by perichondrium (except in
_____ cartilage).
• Chondrocytes show _____ and
_____ matrices.
• ECM fibers of _____ collagen (invisible with
light microscopy by having the same _____ as the matrix).

• Locations:
• temporary \_\_\_\_\_.
• articular cartilage.
• \_\_\_\_\_ (nose, larynx, trachea, and
bronchi).
• intercostal cartilages.
A
avasular
articular
territorial
inter-territorial
type II
refractive index

embryonic skeleton
respiratory tract

24
Q

Hyaline Cartilage: Basophilic matrix

The basophilia (redly stain) in the matrix is due to the high density of _____ charges in the GAG subunits, which attract the _____ charged dye, hematoxylin.

A

negative

position

25
Tracheal Hyaline Cartilage rings are formed by _____ cartilage; surrounded by perichondrium in _____ directions you can see the presence of _____ groups here
hyaline both isogenous
26
Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage • Functions: – Smooth surface: reduces _____. – Resists _____ forces. • No _____: – Pain-free motion of joints. – Non-perception of injury. • No _____: – No bruising. – Nutrition and hydration from _____. – No _____: repair is impaired. No _____ _____ prevents the touching of two bones and acts as a lubricant
friction compressive nerves blood vessels synovial fluid connective tissue perichondrium synovial fluid
27
Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage ``` • Structure: – Hyaline cartilage without _____. • Superficial tangential zone: collagen- _____, _____ motion. • Middle (or transitional) zone. • Deeper (or radial) PG-_____ zone: resistance to _____. ``` • May calcify in the _____ of the bone.
``` perichondrium rich frictionless rich compression vicinity ```
28
Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage STZ: the collagen is deposited in a _____ fashion to the surface of artciulation middle zone: most of _____ is located here; more randomly deposited but still mostly parallel organization; also less rich in collagen, not as _____ deep zone (radial): collagen fibers are deposited _____ to the tissue; very rich in _____ > most resistant to compression forces at the connecting area bt cartilage and bone > may _____ > forming a _____ connection bt cartilage and bone
parallel tissue dense perpendicular PG calcify mineral
29
Specialized Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage • Nutrition and Compression: – Resting: • PGs are hydrophilic: _____. • PG swelling = collagen _____. – Compression: • Water is displaced. • PG concentration _____. – Relaxation: • _____ drawn back to restore equilibrium. • Nutrients are imported with the _____. if something happens to synovial fluid; inflammation or destruction of syn membrane cells (pathologic cells: _____) > nutrition of cartilage will be comprimised; _____; decay and there will be direct contact of _____ contact
swelling resistance increases water water rhematoid arthritis starve bone-to-bone
30
``` Elastic Cartilage • _____. • Surrounded by _____. • Chondrocytes show _____ and _____ matrices. • ECM fibers of Type _____ collagen and _____. • Functions: Resiliency and pliability. • Locations: • _____ ear • Epiglottis • _____ • Bridge of nose ```
``` avascular perichondrium territorial interterritorial II elastin external auditory tube ```
31
``` Fibrocartilage • _____. • Lacks a _____. • _____ and _____ aligned along stress lines. ``` • ECM fibers: dense bundles of Type _____ collagen. * Functions: * Resistance to compression and shear forces. * Considered intermediate between _____ and _____. * Locations: * _____ of the intervertebral disks * Articular disks of the knee * _____ * Sternoclavicular joints * _____ symphysis the matrix that the cells deposit will be deposited along those lines make them more _____ to mechanical forces
avascular perichondrium chondrocytes fibroblasts I hyaline cartilage dense CT annulus fibrosus mandible pubic resistant
32
Fibrocartilage: The Intervertebral Disks ``` • Intervertebral Disks: – Nucleus Pulposus: _____. – Annulus Fibrosus: _____. • PGs induce tissue _____. • Collagen and weight resist expansion. •Long bed stays or _____ (space travel): disk expansion. ``` • Herniation: – Increased swelling of the _____ with weakened _____. -- Nerve root _____ (e.g._____).
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage expansion microgravity nucelus annulus entrapment sciatica
33
Fibrocartilage: The Intervertebral Disks force is perpindicular to the screen, falling along the body of the IVD hyaline cart in NP > rich in _____ > take up water, and expand the tissue fibrocartilage in AF > tries to balance the expansion of the hyaline cartilage by having plenty of _____ NP may go awry, may absorb too much water > swelling of the NP (hyaline cartilage) whcih induces the expansion of the AF > the organization is now off > resulting in a _____; the fibrocartilage can protude so far it can pinch a _____ only way to solve > _____; ultimately results in a contraction of the NP; allowing the AF to return to its original form (chymopapain does not damage _____)
PG collagen herniated disk nerve chemonucleolysis collagen fibrils
34
Cartilage Changes with Age • PGs in older individuals are _____ with shorter _____ chains than in younger individuals. • Chondrocytes less efficient in renewing the ECM, thus reducing _____ content. • Reduced _____ content in the ECM: cartilage less able to resist compressive forces. • Results: ECM more vulnerable to injuries in _____; inflammatory response to injury would cause painful symptoms of _____.
``` smaller chondroitin sulfate PG water weight-bearing arthritis ```
35
Cartilage repair • Very limited capacity for repair (avascular): – Blood clot formation: • Abrasion or drilling of _____ bone. – Cell implantation: • Chondrocytes/marrow stem cells. • Artificial matrix for support. – Tissue transplantation: • _____ grafts. • _____ grafts. – Limitations: • _____ availability – stem cells/allografts. • _____ stability – growth factors. • _____ integration.
subchondral osteochondral periosteal cell/tissue phenotype chondral
36
Drill of subchondral bone for cartilage repair subchondral > just below the articular cartilage (in the epiphysis) > so the bone leaves and there are _____ will repair the bone; in the cartilage area they will differentiate into _____ in the appropriate area
osteoprogenitor cells | cartilage cells
37
Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage _____ main groups of chrondrodysplasias; due to genetic defects in proteins that form the _____, and in proteins that regulate the _____ of the chondrocyte or the deposition of the _____ on left: mutations in types of _____ on right: FGFR3 (_____) LOOK UP THIS TABLE AND KNOW IT
two ECM life matrix collagen dominant negative
38
Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage Defects in _____ macromolecules: COL2A1 Defects in _____ macromolecules: FGFR3, SOX9
matrix | cellular
39
Chondrodysplasias: Genetic diseases of cartilage COL2A1: - Achondrogenesis type II - _____ - Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - _____ - Stickler dysplasia - _____ FGFR3: - _____ - _____ - Thanatophoric dysplasia type I - Thanatophoric dysplasia type II SOX9: -_____
hypochondrogenesis kniest dysplasia familial osteoarthritis achondroplasia hypochondroplasia campomelic dysplasia