Cartilage

Question 1

What structures are involved in a labral tear of shoulder?

Answer 1

Fibrocartilage labrum lining the Glenoid
Bicep long head attaches superior
Superior and middle GH ligaments attach to anterior
Inferior GH ligament attach inferior

Deepens the glenoid allowing better humeral movement
Resists anterior and posterior movement of humeral head

Question 2

What are the symptoms of a shoulder labral tear?

Answer 2

Shoulder pain
Impinge feeling
Dislocations
Biceps tear

Question 3

How does a SLAP tear happen?

Answer 3

Acute injury
FOOSH with shoulder abduction - humeral head forced into superior labrum causing a tear

Overuse
Overhead throwing causes micro trauma

Question 4

How does a bankart labral tear happen?

Answer 4

Anterior inferior aspect of labrum
Shoulder dislocation causes tearing of the labrum

Anterior shoulder dislocation labrum can detach and glenoid fracture can occur too

Question 5

How would you test for SLAP tear?

Answer 5

Crank test

Question 6

How would you test for Bankart lesion?

Answer 6

Sulcus sign

Question 7

Describe the meniscus?

Answer 7

1. Medial most commonly injured
   Lateral meniscus
   Wedge shaped to accomadate femoral condyles
   Disperses forces across tibial plateau
   Outer similar to fibrocartilage
   Inner similar to hyaline cartilage

Question 8

Symptoms of meniscus injury?

Answer 8

Knee pain
Knee swelling
Limited ROM
Catching locking clicking

Question 9

What causes a meniscus injury?

Answer 9

Cutting or twisting movements
Occurs with MCL and ACL
Hyper extension of knee
Blow to lateral knee

Microtrauma from deep squatting

Question 10

What are the types of tests for meniscus?

Answer 10

Horizontal
Longitudinal
Radial
Bucket handle
Parrot beak
Flap tear

Question 11

What are the year zones?

Answer 11

Outer 1/3 red red zone
Extending to 2/3 red white zone
Only in 2/3 white white zone

Question 12

How would you test for Meniscal injury?

Answer 12

Thessaly
Mcmurrays

Question 13

What is the hip labrum?

Answer 13

Fibrocartilage lining the acetabulum
Outer is vascular
Inner is a vascular
Deepens the joint - femur fits better
Distributes load
Reduces pressures on bone
Absorbs shock
Lubrication

Question 14

What are the symptoms of hip labral tear?

Answer 14

Anterior hip and groin pain
Radiating knee pain
Buttock pain
Clicking? Locking and grinding
Pain with activity

Question 15

What causes a hip labral tear?

Answer 15

Accompany dislocations
Shearing forces can cause Microtrauma
Weak collagen - chronic inflammation

Question 16

Where can hip labrum tears occur and why?

Answer 16

Anterior (common) - low blood- more stress femur sits anterior - Psoas tendon rubbing on labrum

Anteriosuperior (most common) - impingement association

Posterior - hip impinges anteriorly - femoral head protrudes posteriorly

Laxity- repetitive rotation causes laxity in ligaments - pressure on labrum as femur sits anterior

Question 17

What are the types of hip impingement?

Answer 17

Cam - femoral head can’t rotate - bump forms on femur head grinding labrum in flexion

Pincer - extra bone over rim of acetabulum - crushes labrum

Question 18

How do you test for hip labrum tears?

Answer 18

FADDIR

Question 19

What makes up the intervertebral disc?

Answer 19

Annulus fibrosis - flexible outer ring
Nucleus pulpous - soft jelly centre

Question 20

What is the purpose of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 20

Provides cushioning
Shock absorber
Lubricates joints - assisting with spinal movement

Question 21

What are symptoms of disc degeneration?

Answer 21

Back pain
Neural issues

Question 22

What causes disc degeneration?

Answer 22

Discs loose height and hydration
Unable to fulfil function
Most common in Cx and lx
Outer section can rupture and leak out effecting nerves
Boney spurs can occur as bone rubs on each other

Question 23

What structures are involved in disc herniating?

Answer 23

Intervertebral disc
Vertebral cancel formed of vertebral bodies on posterior and discs on anterior wall
Spinal cord sits within the canal

Question 24

What causes disc herniation?

Answer 24

Age and wear and tear can lead to tearing
The jelly centre pushes against the outer ring
The pressure on the annulus can lead to pain
The nucleus can push through putter ring and cause the ring to bulge into the bones
This can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots
The disc can rupture and release chemical irritants that lead to neural inflammation