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Mammalogy Lab > Carnivora > Flashcards

Carnivora Flashcards

***still have to add pictures from lab

1
Q

Order Carnivora

A

IC Eutheria

Suborders: Caniformia, Feliformia

  • Carnassial complex P4/m1 for shearing
  • Fronto-parietal suture is posterior relative to the post orbital constricture.
  • Fused scaphoid, lunate, and centrale bones in the wrist
  • Loss of the third trochanter on the femur
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2
Q

Suborder Feliformia

A

Infraclass Eutheria

Order Carnivora

  • Loss or reduction of P1 and M3.
  • Double-chambered auditory bullae
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3
Q

Family Felidae

A

Local spp: Puma concolor, Lynx rufus

IC Eutheria

O Carnivora

sO Feliformia

  • Short rostrum
  • Dental reduction, particularly molars
  • Well-developed carnassial complex
  • Postorbital process present

[-Paroccipital process flattened against bullae]

  • Retractile claws (except in cheetahs)
  • Strong forelimbs that can be rotated palm up
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4
Q

Why is cheetah skull so much lighter than puma skull?

A

They have different prey: cheetah needs to be able to run very fast to catch savanna ungulates, can’t be weighed down by a large skull (open environment)

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5
Q

How do stripes, spots and other patterns conceal felid predators from their prey?

A

Break up the outline of the animal

-Felids are stalking predators: must get very close to prey before they deliver a killing bite

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6
Q

Puma concolor

A

puma, mountain lion, cougar

IC Eutheria

O Carnivora

sO Feliformia

Family Felidae

-light in color

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7
Q

Lynx rufus

A

bobcat Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder feliformia Family Felidae

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8
Q

Family Hyaenidae

A

hyaena, aardwolf Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia -family of extremes -teeth adapted for bone crushing (hyaena = true carnivore) or reduced (aardwolf = myrmecophagous) -large canines

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9
Q

Family Herpestidae

A

mongoose Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia -Septum on the auditory bulla is horizontal forming an H shape (see picture) -Nonretractable claws -4-5 digits

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10
Q

How is diet of Herpestids different from that of Felids, and how is that reflected in shape/structure of their teeth?

A

Herpestids are not as carnivorous as felids –flatter/more bunodont molars –not as much room for temporalis muscle attachment

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11
Q

Family Viverridae

A

genet, civet Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia -Septum on the auditory bulla is diagonal forming a V shape (see picture) -Retractable claws -5 digits

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12
Q

How is diet of Viverrids reflected by their tooth structure, as compared to Herpestids and Felids?

A

Viverrids are not as carnivorous as Felids; more similar to Herpestids -not as much room for temporalis muscle attachment -more bunodont molars

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13
Q

Suborder Caniformia

A

Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora -Molars and premolars not reduced in number -Large, elaborate baculum

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14
Q

Family Canidae

A

dogs, foxes, wolves, coyotes Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia -omnivorous -worldwide distribution -Shearing carnassials -Crushing post-carnassial teeth -Elongate rostrum -Paroccipital processes present -Last upper molar relatively large and transversely elongate

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15
Q

What are the main ways to distinguish skulls of canids and felids?

A

-shape of skull (canids tend to have longer rostrum) -flatter cheekteeth -last upper molar not as reduced in canids

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16
Q

Canis latrans

A

coyote Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae -gray or reddish-gray fur

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17
Q

Vulpes macrotis

A

kit fox Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae -temporal ridge forms a V -seasonally carnivorous/omnivorous

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18
Q

Vulpes vulpes

A

red fox Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae -temporal ridge forms a V -seasonally carnivorous/omnivorous

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19
Q

Urocyon cinereoargenteus

A

gray fox Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae -temporal ridge forms a U -distinct step at posterior end of dentary bone -molars have more surface area = probably related to more omnivorous diet

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20
Q

Urocyon littoralis

A

island fox Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae -temporal ridge forms a U -distinct step at posterior end of dentary bone -molars have more surface area = probably related to more omnivorous diet

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21
Q

How can you tell the difference between a dog and coyote skull?

A

-coyote’s profile should be a flat slope while dog’s profile has inflated frontals (and a more defined forehead) -cranial portion of the skull being more sharply demarcated from the rostral portion

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22
Q

Family Mustelidae

A

weasel, marten, badger, otter Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia -Mandibular fossa strongly C-shaped restricting lateral movement -Dorso-ventrally flattened skull -Relatively large, squarish or hourglass-shaped M1 -Short rostrum, long braincase

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23
Q

Mustela erminea

A

short-tailed weasel or ermine Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Mustelidae -Mustela dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 1/2

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24
Q

Mustela frenata

A

long-tailed weasel InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae -Mustela dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 1/2

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25
Q

Neovision vison

A

mink InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae

26
Q

Martes pennanti

A

fisher InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae -Martes dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 1/2

27
Q

Martes americana

A

marten InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae -Martes dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 1/2

28
Q

Gulo gulo

A

wolverine InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae

29
Q

Taxidea taxus

A

badger InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae

30
Q

Lontra canadensis

A

river otter InfC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae -mostly piscivorous -more pointed teeth than sea otter, which eats mostly abalone

31
Q

Enhydra lutris

A

sea otter IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mustelidae -densest fur of all mammals: traps a layer of air against the skin = insulating against cold ocean temperatures -eat primarily abalone = crushing molars

32
Q

Family Mephitidae

A

skunks, stink badgers Local spp: Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Spilogale putoris (spotted skunk) IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia -Skull is similar to Mustelids but molars are more square -Enlarged scent glands -Black and white fur to advertise foul scent

33
Q

Mephitis mephitis

A

striped skunk IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mephitidae -two white stripes down body advertise noxious anal gland secretions -adapted for digging, strong forearms and long claws -nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous

34
Q

Spilogale putoris

A

spotted skunk IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Mephitidae -black and white spots advertise noxious anal gland secretions -smaller/more weasel-like than striped skunks -adapted for digging, strong forearms and long claws -nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous

35
Q

Family Procyonidae

A

raccoon, olingo, coati, ringtail Local spp: Procyon lotor (raccoon) Bassariscus astutus IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia Synapomorphies: -Lack carnassial complex -Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/2 -Five digits, plantigrade -molars bunodont, laterally widened -many have tail with alternating black/off-white rings -share loss of all third molars with Mustelidae (probably closely related)

36
Q

Family Ursidae

A

bears Local spp: Ursus americanus (black bear) IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia -Lack carnassial complex -Molars have enlarged crushing surfaces (elongate, providing ample surface area for crushing) -Last upper molar large, elongate anteroposteriorly -Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3 (premolars are variable) -Five digits, plantigrade

37
Q

What is the difference between molariform teethy in Procyonidae and Ursidae?

A

Procyonidae: molars laterally widened Ursidae: molars elongate

38
Q

Ursus americanus

A

black bear IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Ursidae -strictly NA in distribution, acclimating to human presence = inc. local populations -vision not acute, rely heavily on olfaction and hearing -excellent climbers -quicker and more agile than they appear

39
Q

Superfamily Pinnipedia

A

pinnipeds IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia -2 lower incisors -More homodont dentition than other carnivorans, specialized for eating fish

40
Q

What are primary features used to distinguish between pinniped skulls?

A

postorbital process? Yes: Otariidae multi-cusped teeth? alisphenoid canal? No: Phocidae

41
Q

Family Odobenidae

A

walrus IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia -canines modified into tusks (both sexes) -lack lower I’s -a lot of time spent caring for young -postorbital process absent -alisphenoid present -mastoid not fused with paraoccipital -jugal/squamosal slight overlap -auditory bulla small and flat

42
Q

Family Phocidae

A

earless seal Local spp: Mirounga angustirostris (elephant seal) Phoca vitulina (harbor seal) IC Eutheria O Carnivora SO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia -postorbital process absent -alisphenoid absent -Multi-cusped cheek teeth -External ear lacking -Hind limb cannot be brought under body for terrestrial locomotion -little time spent caring for young after they are born -mastoid not fused with paraoccipital -jugal/squamosal interlock -auditory bulla large and inflated

43
Q

Family Otariidae

A

eared or fur seals Local spp: Callorhinus ursinus (Northern fur seal) Eumetopius jubatus (Stellar’s sea lion) Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia -postorbital process present -alisphenoid present -single cusped cheek teeth -small external ear -hindlimbs can be brought under body for terrestrial locomotion = much more terrestrial than phocids -frontals extend into nasals -mastoid fused with paraoccipital -jugal/squamosal overlap -auditory bulla small and flat

44
Q

Mirounga angustirostris

A

elephant seal IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia F Phocidae

45
Q

Phoca vitulina

A

harbor seal IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia F Phocidae

46
Q

Callorhinus ursinus

A

Northern fur seal IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia F Otariidae -can rotate hindlimbs under body = more terrestrial than phocids

47
Q

Eumetopius jubatus

A

Stellar’s sea lion IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia F Otariidae -can rotate hindlimbs under body = more terrestrial than phocids

48
Q

Zalophus californianus

A

California sea lion IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia SF Pinnipedia -can rotate hindlimbs under body = more terrestrial than phocids

49
Q

Procyon lotor

A

raccoon IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Procyonidae

50
Q

Bassariscus astutus

A

ringtail IC Eutheria O Carnivora sO Caniformia F Procyonidae

51
Q

Does this skull belong to an eared or earless seal? How can you tell?

A

eared seal (F Otariidae) skulls have postorbital process

earless seal (F Phocidae) skulls do not have a postorbital process

Therefore, this skull must belong to an eared seal (spp. Eumetopius jubatus = Stellar’s sea lion)

52
Q

What does this animal eat?

A
  • triangular, fairly homodont cheekteeth
  • no molariform teeth

This animal probably eats fish

53
Q

What suborder does the dentition of this mammal suggest it belongs to?

A
  • huge carnassial complex suggests O Carnivora
  • reduction/loss of P1 and M3 suggests sO Feliformia
54
Q

What local species does this skull belong to?

A

Taxidea taxus (badger)

  • mandibular fossa strongly C-shaped = restricts lateral movement
  • short rostrum, long braincase
55
Q

What is this local species?

A

Taxidea taxus

badger

IC Eutheria

O Carnivora

sO Caniformia

F Mustelidae

56
Q

What mustelid does this skull belong to?

A
57
Q
A

Gulo gulo

wolverine

IC Eutheria

O Carnivora

sO Caniformia

F Mustelidae

58
Q
A

Spilogale putoris

spotted skunk

IC Eutheria

O Carnivora

sO Caniformia

F Mephitidae

59
Q

How can you tell the difference between a procyonid skull and a mephitid skull?

A
60
Q

How can you tell the difference between the skull of a procyonid and that of an ursid?

A
  • both lack carnassial complex
  • both have bunodont molars
  • molar teeth laterally widened in Procyonidae, more elongate in Ursidae
  • Ursidae skulls will be larger

Mammalogy Lab (5 decks)

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