Carl Rogers

Question 1

the first name of roger’s approach

Answer 1

non-directive

Question 2

we use the label ___ in reference to roger’s therapy and the more inclusive term ___ to refer to rogerian personality theory

Answer 2

client-centered, person-centered

Question 3

formative tendency

Answer 3

tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex terms

Question 4

actualizing tendency

Answer 4

• tendency within all humans to move torward completion or fulfillment of potentials
• this tendency is the only motive people possess

Question 5

the need for maintenance

Answer 5

• includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo
• expressed in people’s desire to protect the current, comfortable self-concept

Question 6

the need for enhancement

Answer 6

• to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth
• seen in people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding
• expressed in curiosity, playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence

Question 7

a human’s actualization tendency is realized only under certain conditions

Answer 7

people must be involved in a relationship with a partner who is:
1. congruent/authentic
2. demonstrates empathy, and
3. unconditional positive regard

rogers regarded these conditions as both necessary and sufficient conditions

Question 8

when do infants develop a vague concept of self?

Answer 8

when a portion of their experiences becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as “I” or “me” experiences

Question 9

self-actualization

Answer 9

• subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it
• the actualization tendency refers to organismic experiences of the individual while self-actualization is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness
• has two subsystems: self-concept and the ideal self

Question 10

self-concept

Answer 10

• includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness
• not identical with the organismic self as it may be beyond a person’s awareness
• experiences that are inconsistent with their self-concept usually are either denied or accepted only in distorted forms

Question 11

ideal self

Answer 11

• defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be; contains all those attributes
• incongruence: wide gap between ideal self and the self-concept

Question 12

awareness

Answer 12

the symbolic representation of some portion of our experience

Question 13

levels of awareness

Answer 13

• first, some events are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either ignored or denied
• second, some experiences are accurately symbolized and freely admitted to the self-structure
• third, involves experiences that are perceived in a distorted form. when our experience is not consistent with our view of self, we reshape or distort the experience so that it can be assimilated into our existing self-concept

Question 14

denial of positive experience

Answer 14

many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved

Question 15

processes necessary to becoming a person

Answer 15

• first, an individual must make contact with another person
• positive regard: if we perceive that others and significant others care and value us, then our need for positive regard is partially satisfied
• positive self-regard: defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self