Abraham Maslow

Question 1

other names of the holistic-dynamic theory

Answer 1

humanistic theory, transpersonal theory, the third force in psychology, the fourth force in personality, needs theory, and self-actualization theory

Question 2

first basic assumption

Answer 2

holistic approach to motivation: the whole person is motivated

Question 3

second basic assumption

Answer 3

motivation is usually complex: behavior may spring from several separate motives

Question 4

third basic assumption

Answer 4

people are continually motivated by one need or another: when one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need

Question 5

fourth basic assumption

Answer 5

all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs: the manner this is pursued varies widely across cultures

Question 6

final basic assumption

Answer 6

needs can be arranged on hierarchy

Question 7

hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators

Question 8

conative needs

Answer 8

have a striving or motivational character

Question 9

prepotency

Answer 9

lower level needs to be satisfied before higher level needs become activated

Question 10

physiological needs

Answer 10

• includes food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temp., and so on
• they are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
• they have a recurring nature

Question 11

safety needs

Answer 11

• physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces
• children are more often motivated by this because they live with such threats
• adults feel relatively unsafe because they retain irrational fears from childhood
• basic anxiety: spend more energy than healthy people trying to satisfy safety needs

Question 12

love and belongingness needs

Answer 12

• desire for friendship; the wish for family, the need to belong in a family, club, a neighborhood

Question 13

categories of people under love and belongingness needs

Answer 13

• people who have these needs satisfied from early years do not panic when denied love; they have confidence that they are accepted by those who are important to them
• people who have never experienced this need, and, therefore, are incapable of giving love; they learn to devalue love and to take its absence for granted
• people who have received these needs only in small doses; have stronger need and motivation for it

Question 14

esteem needs

Answer 14

• include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
• desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence
• based on real competence and not merely on others’ opinions

Question 15

reputation vs. self-esteem

Answer 15

• reputation: the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others
• self-esteem: is a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence

Question 16

self-actualization needs

Answer 16

• people who highly respect such values, and other B-values become self-actualization after their esteem needs are met, whereas people who do not embrace these values are frustrated

*include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world

• become independent from the lower-level needs

Question 17

aesthetic needs

Answer 17

some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences

Question 18

cognitive needs

Answer 18

• a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
• when blocked, all needs on maslow’s hierarchy are threatened; knowledge is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs

Question 19

neurotic needs

Answer 19

• leads to stagnation and pathology
• non-productive and perpetuates an unhealthy style of life and has no value in the striving for self-actualization
• is reactive: serves as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs

Question 20

reversed order of needs

Answer 20

hierarchal order of needs are occasionally reversed

Question 21

unmotivated behavior

Answer 21

some behaviors are unmotivated and are caused by conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs

Question 22

expressive behavior

Answer 22

• is often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be
• unconscious and has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression
• determined by forces within the person

Question 23

coping behavior

Answer 23

• is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment
• individual’s attempts to cope with the environment
• serves some aim or goal and is always motivated by some deficit need

Question 24

deprivation of needs

Answer 24

• lack of satisfaction with any of the basic needs leads to some pathology
• deprivation of self-actualization needs also leads to pathology or metapathology: absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life

Question 25

instinctoid nature of needs

Answer 25

• hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning
• one criterion for separating instinctoid needs from noninstinctoid needs is the level of pathology upon frustration

Question 26

comparison of higher and lower needs

Answer 26

• higher needs are similar to lower ones in that they are instinctoid
• maslow insisted that love, esteem, and self-actualization are just as biological as thirst, sex, and hunger
• higher level needs are later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary scale
• higher level needs produce more happiness and more peak experiences

Question 27

criteria for self-actualization

Answer 27

1. they were free from psychopathology
2. self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
3. embracing of the B-values
4. “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc.

• fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and increasingly become what they were capable of becoming

Question 28

B-values

Answer 28

• self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal verities”
• “Being” values are indicators of psychological health
• maslow termed b-values “metaneeds” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs

Question 29

metamotivation

Answer 29

distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people

Question 30

B-love

Answer 30

• self-actualizing people are capable of this, that is, love for the essence or “Being”
• mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover

Question 31

jonah complex

Answer 31

the fear of being one’s best