Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cario > Cariology Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Cariology Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Hard tissues of the tooth

A

Dentin, enamel, cementum (DEC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Soft tissues of the tooth

A

Pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are occlusal/pit and fissure caries?

A

On the biting surface of posterior teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are smooth surface caries located?

A

On the facial and lingual sides of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are cervical caries located?

A

At the neck of the teeth where the enamel and cementum connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are proximal caries located?

A

At the articulations between teeth at both the mesial and distal sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are root caries locate?

A

In the cementum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cementum?

A

Hard tissue that covers the root of the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are rampant caries?

A

They develop and progress quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are incipient caries?

A

They are small and at the early stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are arrested caries?

A

Caries that have not progressed further, such as by improving oral care, use of fluoride, or they improved on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are recurrent caries?

A

They develop under/around the filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Xerostomic caries

A

These occur because there is little saliva in the mouth, which protects against caries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What three external factors can impact caries production?

A

Radiation (damage to salivary glands), Medications (xerostomia can be a side effect), and systemic conditions (i.e. diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What age group do we classify Early Childhood Caries (ECC) under?

A

71 months or younger (under 6 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Caries is the most common chronic disease amongst children. How much more likely is it compared to asthma and hay fever?

A

5 and 7, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which theory of caries is most accepted? Who proposed it?

A

Acidogenic (chemo-parasitic) by W.D. Miller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What three factors must be present to produce caries?

A

Plaque (bacteria/biofilm)
Host (tooth structure and saliva)
Diet (carbs/sugar substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the caries process

A
  1. Bacteria ferments carbohydrates
  2. Organic acids are produced and act on the hard tissues (enamel, dentin & cementum) 🡪 Minerals of the hard tissues are destroyed (demineralization)
  3. Demineralized tooth + proteolytic enzymes 🡪 cavitation/cavity/decay/caries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What ions come out of the tooth when acid acts on the tooth surface?

A

Calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the critical pH? What is the normal mouth pH?

A

5.5; 6.7 to 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four most cariogenic bacteria in the mouth?

A
  1. Streptococcus mutans
  2. Streptococcus sobrinus
  3. Lactobacillus acidophilus
  4. Actinomyces viscosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the four oral bacteria are most common on the cementum, forming root caries?

A

Actinomyces viscosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Streptococcus mutans is most associated with caries in what location?

A

Enamel caries/coronal caries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does “extension for prevention refer to?

A

Extend caries to prevent more-no longer taught

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What age group used to be most affected by caries? What group is most affected today?

A

used to be peds, today is it adults and geriatric patients (longer tooth retention-so longer exposure to cariogenic bacteria and reduced salivation with age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What SES status used to have more caries? Which is highest today?

A

Used to be higher SES in 1960s (could afford sweets and treats), today it is lower SES (use of more sugary products, living in food deserts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When was the first water system fluoridated in the US?

A

1945, in Grand Rapids Michigan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What year was the pit and fissure sealant approved by the ADA?

A

1977

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

WHat’s the difference between primary and secondary prevention?

A

Primary is to prevent or reverse early stages, and second is to terminate disease that is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is tertiary prevention so invasive?

A

You have to replace lost tissues and rehabilitate to restore function?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What decade was fluoride products created?

A

1950’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a drawback to silver diamine fluoride?

A

Causes areas with caries to turn black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the ppm of fluoride in SDF? How much is in fluoride varnish? how much silver does SDF have?

A

44,600 ppm; 22, 000 ppm; 38%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When was SDF approved by the FDA?

A

2015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does DMFT stand for? WHat does DMFS?

A

Decayed, missing due to caries, filled teeth; decayed, missing due to caries, filled tooth surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the decay (D or d) score only include?

A

Only untreated caries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What the two teeth that are most susceptible to caries?

A

Lower first and second molars, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why are the 1st and second molars so susceptible?

A
  1. More pits and fissures (less protection by fluoride)
  2. They are the first permanent teeth and have been exposed to cariogenic factors for a longer period of time
  3. Further away from the salivary glands (which open between the upper 1st and 2nd molar and behind the incisors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which two teeth are least susceptible to caries exposure?

A

lower lateral incisor and lower canine (with the lower canine being the least susceptible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the lateral incisor and lower canine least susceptible to caries?

A
  1. They are close to the salivary glands (can wash them, essentially)
  2. Submandibular and sublingual salivary ducts open behind the lower anterior teeth
  3. They have more smooth surfaces and few pits, which allows for protection from fluoride
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the caries suspectible sites (in no order)?

A
  1. pits and fissures
  2. Proximal surfaces
  3. Cervical margins
  4. Exposed root surfaces
  5. Margins around fillings (ridge)
  6. Surfaces close to partial dentures/bridges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two age groups that the CAMBRA protocol addresses?

A

0-5, 6+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the medical model of treatment?

A
  1. prevention
  2. Minimally invasive techniques
  3. Restore teeth to proper functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the composition of enamel?

A

96% mineral (hydroxyapatitie is the main component), 3% water , 1% organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the composition of the crystals in enamel?

A

88% hydroxyapatite, 12% water, proteins, lipids and organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does fluoride replace on the hydroxyapatite molecule?

A

It replaces the hydroxyl group with fluoride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the strongest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the resulting color when enamel decalcifies?

A

Hyper white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens to the child if the mother ingests tetracycline during gestation?

A

The child’s teeth will have stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does cloudiness imply?

A

“3-D depth”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the stages of caries? Long answer

A
  1. No caries
  2. White spot lesion (early signs of demion-maybe chalky)
  3. Breakdown of enamel (soft floor)
  4. Secondary/recurrent caries
  5. Demineralization continues
  6. Fractured tooth
  7. Arrested caries (shiny, lustrous surface, brown-stain sometimes)
  8. Root caries (on cementum and can extend to the enamel; the lesion is either at the CEJ or fully on the root surface)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a class 1 caries?

A

Only on one surface; on occlusal surface of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a class 2 caries?

A

Extends to two surfaces-starts at occlusal surface and extends to proximal surface of posterior teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is a class 3 caries?

A

Proximal surfaces of anterior teeth only - does not extend to incisal edge

56
Q

What is a class 4 caries?

A

It starts in the proximal surface of the anterior teeth and extends to the incisal edge

57
Q

What is a class 5 caries?

A

It starts at the cervical regions of the teeth

58
Q

What is a class 6 cariesa?

A

At the incisal edges of anterior teeth and cusp tips of posterior teeth

59
Q

What type of caries is most difficult to diagnose?

A

Dentino-Enamel Junction (DEJ)

60
Q

What are the surface characteristics of active lesions for non-cavitated lesions?

A

“Chalky”/dull, rough on gentle probing

61
Q

What are the surface characteristics of inactive lesions for non-cavitated lesions?

A

Glossy, smooth on probing

62
Q

What is the color of active lesions on non-cavitated lesions?

A

whitish to light brown

63
Q

What is the color of inactive lesions for non-cavitated lesions?

A

Whitish to brownish/black

64
Q

What are the demarcation characteristics for active lesions on non-cavitated lesions?

A

Most often sharply demarcated which indicates plaque-retention sites

65
Q

What are the demarcation characteristics for inactive lesions for non-cavitated lesions?

A

Well-demarcated, or with diffuse borders

66
Q

What can be a result of osteosclerosis in the more advanced stages?

A

Immobilization

67
Q

How does fluorosis develop, specifically in relation to the developmental stages of enamel?

A

If someone takes in 1 mg/day for 6-8 years during the developmental stages of enamel.

68
Q

Who investigated stains on teeth, that eventually led to the phrase “Colorado Brown Stain”, or Fluorosis?

A

McKay

69
Q

In what year was the Colorado Brown Stain attributed to something in the water?

A

1920

70
Q

When did Dr. Trendley Dean conclude that fluoride prevented caries?

A

1930s to 1940s

71
Q

Who discovered fluorosis?

A

Dr. Trendley Dean

72
Q

When did G.V. Black write the “Manual of Operative Dentistry”?

A

1896

73
Q

What percent of fluoride in plaque/biofilm is bound to other chemicals, and what percent is in the ionic form?

A

95% and 5 %

74
Q

What is the recommended multiplier for fluoridation in schools?

A

3-4.5 times the general population

75
Q

How much does it cost per person to fluoridate water?

A

72 cents

76
Q

What percentage of the US has access to fluoridated water, by both natural and artificial means?

A

> 74%

77
Q

When was school water fluoridation popularized?

A

1970s and 1980s

78
Q

Why are fluoride supplements discontinued at age 16? What are they replaced with?

A

They are discontinued due to the enamel being fully mineralized; at this point only topical fluorides are effective

79
Q

What four factors do you consider with giving fluoride supplements?

A
  1. Age
  2. Fluoride level in water
  3. Weight
  4. Caries risk
80
Q

What is the rate of fluoride per hour to induce acute fluoride toxicity in:

  1. Adults
  2. 10 kg child
  3. 3-year old child
A

Adults: 2.5-5 g / 2-4 hours
10 kg child: 320 mg / 2-4 hours
3-year old: 435 mg / 3 hours

81
Q

What do you do to treat acute fluoride toxicity? (3 steps)

A
  1. Induce vomiting
  2. Give milk (calcium binds to fluoride)
  3. Call 911
82
Q

How does fluoride prevent caries by bonding to the hydroxyapatite? (4 steps)

A
  1. Improves the crystal structure
  2. Decreases solubility (more stable apatite)
  3. Inhibits bacterial growth
  4. Promotes remineralization of enamel
83
Q

How much fluoride is in toothpaste in the US? In ppm

A

900 to 1200 ppm

84
Q

How much fluoride is in stannous fluoride? In ppm

Who do you prescribe stannous fluoride to?

A

19,360 ppm; give to patients with tooth sensitivity

85
Q

How much fluoride is in Acidulated phosphate fluoride?

In what kind of environment (with the corresponding pH) is the enamel best able to take up this fluoride agent?

A

12,300 ppm; the enamel best takes up the fluoride in an acidic environment with a pH of 3

86
Q

At what pH is Sodium fluoride absorbed by enamel? What biological process does it limit in the mouth?

A

pH of 7; it reduces salivary flow

87
Q

How much fluoride is in SDF (in ppm)? When was it approved by the FDA? Is it more effective on the anterior or posterior teeth?

A

44,000 ppm; approved in 2016; more effective on the anterior teeth

88
Q

Who is SDF recommended for?

A

Severe EEC

89
Q

How much fluoride is in fluoride varnish? When was it approved by the FDA in 1994? Does it slow caries progression in both deciduous and permanent teeth?

A

22,600 ppm; approved by the FDA in 1994; slows caries progression in both permanent and primary teeth

90
Q

For children between the ages of 2-19, which group has the highest proportion of untreated caries, and which has the highest caries experience?

A

6-11 with the highest proportion of untreated caries

12-19 with the highest caries experience

91
Q

Race-wise, for 2-19 y/os, what is the proportion for total caries experience?

A

H>AA>W

92
Q

Race-wise, for 2-19 y/os, what is the proportion for untreated caries?

A

AA>H>W

93
Q

For 20-64, who has the highest total caries experience?

A

W>B>H

94
Q

For 20-64, who has the highest caries experience?

A

B>H>W

95
Q

For 65+, who has the highest total caries experience?

A

W>B>H

96
Q

For 65+, who has the most untreated caries?

A

B>H>W

97
Q

Race-wise, who has the most sealants placed?

A

W>H>B

98
Q

Race-wise, who has the greatest rate of tooth retention?

A

W>H>B

99
Q

Race-wise, who has the greatest rate of edentulism?

A

B>W>H

100
Q

Before what process does primary dentin form? Where does primary dentin lay?

A

Forms before eruption, lies between enamel and pulp chamber

101
Q

After what process does secondary dentin occur? It also occurs after this particular structure is complete.

A

Forms after eruption, and after root formation is complete

102
Q

What is the inductive pulp function?

A

To form enamel

103
Q

What is the formative pulp function?

A

Dentin formation

104
Q

What does the odontoblast layer synthesize?

A

The matrix

105
Q

What two signaling molecules appear to initiate the pre-odontoblasts to form odontoblasts in the pulp?

A
  1. Boneo morphogenetic protein

2. TGFbeta

106
Q

What do fibroblasts do in the cell rich zone of pulp?

A

Produces and maintains collagen and ground substance

107
Q

What do undifferentiated cells do in the cell rich zone of pulp?

A

Replace CT cells

108
Q

What are the three common immune cellsin the cell rich zone of pulp?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Lymphocytes
109
Q

Dendritic cells in the cell rich zone of pulp mostly perform one function. What is it? They can also capture and present antigens to what two cell types?

A

They most signal, but they can capture and present antigens to T-cells and macrophages

110
Q

Dentin is comprised of what type of collagen, which is produced by what cells?

A

Type 1 collage, secreted by odontoblasts

111
Q

What are two types of collagen definitely made by fibroblasts for the pulp?

A

Type 1 and 3

112
Q

What does the ground substance do in the pulp?

A

Supports cell and acts as a “medium for transport of nutrients”.

113
Q

What clinically may be relevant to calcification of the pulp?

A

The canal system may be blocked

114
Q

How many arterioles are there per root of the pulp?

A

1-2

115
Q

In the canal of the pulp, a decrease in smooth muscle coating can lead to what happening to the lumen size?

A

An increase in lumen size

116
Q

Where is there the most extensive branching of the arterioles of the pulp?

A

Subodontoblastic layer

117
Q

AV anastomoses of the pulp avoid what structure, in order to shunt blood away from a site of injury?

A

They avoid the capillary bed

118
Q

What two receptors respond by constricting when sympathetic nerves are stimulated, or a vasoconstrictor is present?

A

Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors

119
Q

What are the two most abundant types of nerve fibers of the pulp, and what type is present to a lesser degree?

A

AlphaSigma and C are most abundant, and there are some AlphaBeta fibers

120
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers of the pulp ascend coronally and loser their myelin close to what layer?

A

The odontoblast layer

121
Q

Are Alpha fibers of the pulp myelinated? What quality of pain do they record? Is it quick or long lasting-pain?

A

They are myelinated (fast acting, low threshold). They report sharp pain. They report quick/spontaneous pain

122
Q

Are C fibers of the pulp myelinated? What qualities of pain do they report? Is this pain quick or long-lasting?

A

Not myelinated (slow acting, low threshold). Records slow, burning/aching/throbbing pain. Reports long-lasting pain

123
Q

What is the clinical significance of varying stages of tooth maturity?

A

They have variable responses to stimulatory tests

124
Q

For the pulp to CNS 1st Order Pathway, where does the signal go from and to ?

A

From V2 or V3 to the Trigeminal ganglion (cell bodies)

125
Q

For the 2nd order pathway for sensation from the pulp to CNS, where does it start, and where does it end?

A

From the ganglion to the trigeminal nuclear complex (at the base of the medulla and upper spinal cord)

126
Q

What portion of the spinal chord conducts painful stimuli?

A

Subnucleus caudalis

127
Q

What is defined as referred pain? Mention 1st and 2nd order neurons

A

When several 1st order neurons converge to a single 2nd order neuron

128
Q

What is gate-control theory in regards to the first order and second order neurons?

A

Information at the 2nd order neuronal level is a modified size of the 1st order neuron, and is modulated by higher centers of the brain

129
Q

When toxic bacterial by-products pass through what structure, there is a local chronic inflammatory cell infiltration?

A

Dentinal tubules

130
Q

In the deepest layers of carious dentin, how does the number of bacteria change?

A

There is less bacteria in the deeper layers of carious dentin

131
Q

How does the number of dentinal tubules per unit area and their area change as you get closer to the pulp?

A

They increase

132
Q

For pulpal pathosis, at what stage is inflammation inhibited by corticosteroids?(i.e. at what enzymatic level)

A

Phospholipases

133
Q

For pulpal pathosis, at what stage do NSAIDs inhibit inflammation? (i.e. at what enzymatic level)

A

Cyclooxygenase

134
Q

What type of chemical do mast cells inhibit?

A

Histamine

135
Q

What type of intermediate chemical that produces the final chemical does plasma produce?

A

Kininogens->kinins

Cario (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions