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Cario > Cario Class 4: Fluoride > Flashcards

Cario Class 4: Fluoride Flashcards

1
Q

How much fluoride is seawater? Fresh water?

A

1.2-1.4 ppm; 0.2 ppm

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2
Q

How much fluoride do people ingest per day by food and beverage in fluoridated areas?

A

1-3 mg

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3
Q

How much fluoride is plaque/biofilm compared to in the ionic form?

A

95% in the plaque/biofilm, and 5% in ionic form

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4
Q

What is the optimal fluoride intake (mg/kg of body weight)

A

.05 to .07 mg/kg of body weight

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5
Q

In what type of countries is salt fluoridation ideal?

A

Countries for which there are no potable drinking water or public water supplies (like Switzerland)

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6
Q

Since 2011, the HHS recommends how much fluoride in the water?

A

0.7 ppm

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7
Q

When was school water fluoridation popular?

A

In the 1970s and 80s

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8
Q

At what point, in grams of fluoride per hour, will adults develop acute fluoride toxicity?

A

2.5-5 grams per 2-4 hours

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9
Q

How fluoride per time period results in severe skeletal fluorosis?

A

10-25 mg fluoride daily for 10-20 years

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10
Q

Osteosclerosis (increase in bone density) develops after ingesting how much fluoride over what time period?

A

8-20 mg fluoride for 10-20 years

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11
Q

How much fluoride during what period must one ingest to cause enamel fluorosis?

A

0.1 mg/kg of body weight during tooth development

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12
Q

What happens to the mineralization of the enamel as a result of enamel fluorosis?

A

Hypo-mineralization

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13
Q

Define enamel fluorosis

A

“Dental fluorosis is the hypo-mineralization of enamel and the disruption of enamel development as a result of excessive fluoride intake.”

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14
Q

Define Osteosclerosis

A

“Abnormal hardening of bone that involves increased skeletal density with little disturbance of bone remodeling.”

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15
Q

Define Colorado Brown Stain

A

“An endemic imperfection of the enamel of the teeth heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry.”

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16
Q

What is mottled enamel a result of?

A

Hypo-calcification

17
Q

Through what organ is fluoride metabolized?

A

Excretion

18
Q

What is the fluoride amount in well water in Arizona?

A

29.5 ppm

19
Q

What is the fluoride amount in well water in Kenya?

A

40 ppm

20
Q

How much fluoride is in the air?

A

0.04 mg per day

21
Q

How much fluoride is in plaque? (it’s a range)

A

15-64 ppm

22
Q

How much fluoride is in saliva?

A

0.01-0.03 ppm

23
Q

How much fluoride is in salt in areas such as Switzerland, Hungary and Latin America?

A

250 ppm

24
Q

What are three points against water fluoridation?

A
  1. No choice to have the water fluoridated
  2. It is a “risk factor” in cancer/hyperthyroidism
  3. Ecological studies have been used to justify fluoride
25
Q

What are 4 factors to consider for fluoride supplements?

A
  1. Age
  2. Fluoride level in the water
  3. Weight
  4. Caries activity/risk
26
Q

What are three chronic side effects of fluorides?

A
  1. Severe skeletal fluorosis
  2. Osteoscelerosis
  3. Dental fluorosis
27
Q

What is skeletal fluorosis (which leads to osteosclerosis)?

A

It is an increased density of bone

28
Q

Name 3 risk factors for fluorosis

A
  1. Excessive fluoride in the water
  2. Excessive toothpaste
  3. Inappropriate fluoride supplements
29
Q

Fluoride inhibits what bacterial procedure?

A

Glycolysis

30
Q

For which kids do you not prescribe fluoride?

A
  1. In well-fluoridated areas
  2. Kids under 6 months
  3. Kids over 16 y/o
31
Q

Define glycolysis

A

“Process by which cariogenic bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrates”

32
Q

What is the mechanism of fluoride action post-eruption of teeth?

A
  1. Inhibits demineralization
  2. Promotes re-mineralization
  3. Inhibits glycosis
33
Q

What is the mechanism of fluoride action pre-eruption of teeth?

A
  1. Reduce enamel solubility in acid

2. Incorporate fluoride into the hydroxyapatite crystal

34
Q

What 3 things does fluoride do to hydroxyapatite?

A
  1. Decreases solubility
  2. Improves crystallinity
  3. Re-mineralize enamel
35
Q

How do extracellular polysaccharides help cariogenic bacteria?

A

They help to adhere the cariogenic bacteria to the biofilm and teeth

Cario (9 decks)

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