Cario Class 4: Fluoride Flashcards
How much fluoride is seawater? Fresh water?
1.2-1.4 ppm; 0.2 ppm
How much fluoride do people ingest per day by food and beverage in fluoridated areas?
1-3 mg
How much fluoride is plaque/biofilm compared to in the ionic form?
95% in the plaque/biofilm, and 5% in ionic form
What is the optimal fluoride intake (mg/kg of body weight)
.05 to .07 mg/kg of body weight
In what type of countries is salt fluoridation ideal?
Countries for which there are no potable drinking water or public water supplies (like Switzerland)
Since 2011, the HHS recommends how much fluoride in the water?
0.7 ppm
When was school water fluoridation popular?
In the 1970s and 80s
At what point, in grams of fluoride per hour, will adults develop acute fluoride toxicity?
2.5-5 grams per 2-4 hours
How fluoride per time period results in severe skeletal fluorosis?
10-25 mg fluoride daily for 10-20 years
Osteosclerosis (increase in bone density) develops after ingesting how much fluoride over what time period?
8-20 mg fluoride for 10-20 years
How much fluoride during what period must one ingest to cause enamel fluorosis?
0.1 mg/kg of body weight during tooth development
What happens to the mineralization of the enamel as a result of enamel fluorosis?
Hypo-mineralization
Define enamel fluorosis
“Dental fluorosis is the hypo-mineralization of enamel and the disruption of enamel development as a result of excessive fluoride intake.”
Define Osteosclerosis
“Abnormal hardening of bone that involves increased skeletal density with little disturbance of bone remodeling.”
Define Colorado Brown Stain
“An endemic imperfection of the enamel of the teeth heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry.”
What is mottled enamel a result of?
Hypo-calcification
Through what organ is fluoride metabolized?
Excretion
What is the fluoride amount in well water in Arizona?
29.5 ppm
What is the fluoride amount in well water in Kenya?
40 ppm
How much fluoride is in the air?
0.04 mg per day
How much fluoride is in plaque? (it’s a range)
15-64 ppm
How much fluoride is in saliva?
0.01-0.03 ppm
How much fluoride is in salt in areas such as Switzerland, Hungary and Latin America?
250 ppm
What are three points against water fluoridation?
- No choice to have the water fluoridated
- It is a “risk factor” in cancer/hyperthyroidism
- Ecological studies have been used to justify fluoride
What are 4 factors to consider for fluoride supplements?
- Age
- Fluoride level in the water
- Weight
- Caries activity/risk
What are three chronic side effects of fluorides?
- Severe skeletal fluorosis
- Osteoscelerosis
- Dental fluorosis
What is skeletal fluorosis (which leads to osteosclerosis)?
It is an increased density of bone
Name 3 risk factors for fluorosis
- Excessive fluoride in the water
- Excessive toothpaste
- Inappropriate fluoride supplements
Fluoride inhibits what bacterial procedure?
Glycolysis
For which kids do you not prescribe fluoride?
- In well-fluoridated areas
- Kids under 6 months
- Kids over 16 y/o
Define glycolysis
“Process by which cariogenic bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrates”
What is the mechanism of fluoride action post-eruption of teeth?
- Inhibits demineralization
- Promotes re-mineralization
- Inhibits glycosis
What is the mechanism of fluoride action pre-eruption of teeth?
- Reduce enamel solubility in acid
2. Incorporate fluoride into the hydroxyapatite crystal
What 3 things does fluoride do to hydroxyapatite?
- Decreases solubility
- Improves crystallinity
- Re-mineralize enamel
How do extracellular polysaccharides help cariogenic bacteria?
They help to adhere the cariogenic bacteria to the biofilm and teeth
