Career Counseling

Question 1

John Crites

Answer 1

3 diagnoses of career problems:
-differential: what are the problems?
-dynamic: Why have the problems occurred?
-Decisional: how are the problems being dealt with?
—-
after–> client centered and developmental counseling
-vocational maturity is a process of continuous development
-created the “Career Maturity Index”

Question 2

Trait and Factor Counseling

Answer 2

-matching approach
-Frank Parsons = “choosing a vocation” 1909
-approach steps: 1) study individual 2) survey occupations in area 3) match person with occupation
——–
E.G. Williams
-changed the process to 6 steps: analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, counseling, follow-up

Question 3

H.B. Gelatt

Answer 3

5-step decision making process

1) recognize need to make a decision
2) collect data –> look at courses of action
3) examine potential outcomes and their probability
4) attend to your value system
5) evaluate and make decision –> can be permanent or not

“Positive Uncertainty”

Question 4

Mark Savickas

Answer 4

• life design as a paradigm for career intervention
• individuals present small stories in response to questions
• there are deconstructed and then reconstructed
• constructs a life portrait or identity narrative
• focuses on contextual possibilities

Question 5

Tiedman & Tiedman-Miller

Answer 5

• career development occurred as part of cognitive development
• as one resolved ego-related crises
• career development followed Erickson’s 8 stages
• career decision making is continuous–2 stages
• anticipation/preoccupation
• implementation/adjustment
• the personal reality (I-power) of the person was the center of potential self improvement and development
• through differentiating one’s ego, processing developmental tasks, resolving psychological crises—> career development occurs

Question 6

Ann Roe

Answer 6

• genetic factors, experimental experiences and parent-child relations influence the NEEDS STRUCTURE each child develops
• parental influences and early childhood experiences are MAJOR influences
• occupational selections are a function of those needs
• field by level classification of occupations
• professional and managerial (high and normal), semi-professional, skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled
• service, business, contact, managerial, general cultural, arts and entertainment, technology, outdoor, science

Question 7

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, Herma

Answer 7

• occupaitonal choice periods:
• fantasy (birth to 11): play becomes more work oriented
• tentative (11 to 17): interest, capacity, value and transition
• realistic (17+): exploration, crystallization and specification
• decision making was important and was influenced by adolescent adjustment patterns

Question 8

John Krumboltz

Answer 8

• used Bandura’s social learning theory to identify the principle concepts for this theory
• career development and decision making involve:
• genetic environments and special abilities
• environmental conditions and events
• instrumental and associative learning experiences
• task approach skills (problem-solving skills)
• learning experiences over the lifetime influence career choice
• unplanned and change events will influence an individual’s career development
• “Planned Happenstance”

Question 9

Linda Gottfredson

Answer 9

• circumscription and compromise
• focuses on the vocational development process experienced by children
• vocational self-concept is central and influences occupational selection
• individuals circumscribe and compromise as they develop
• development process, 4 stages
  1) orientation to size and power (3-5)
  2) orientation to sex roles (6-8)
  3) orientation to social valuation (9-13)
  4) orientation to internal unique self (14+)

-self-awareness of personal characteristics help determine occupation

Question 10

John Holland

Answer 10

• career choice is an expression of personality
• six personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
• everyone has all six at varying levels
• Vocational Preference Inventory
• Self-Directed Search
• occupations are given a Holland type
• RIASEC

Question 11

Donald Super

Answer 11

• life-span–life-space
• vocational development stages
  1) growth (14-15): capacity, interests and self-concept
  2) exploratory (15-24): tentative
  3) establishment
  4) maintenance
  5) decline
• self-concept was implemented in career choice
• vocational development:
  1) crystallization (14-18)
  2) specification (18-21)
  3) implementation (21-24)
  4) stabilization (24-35)
  5) consolidation (35+)
• life-career rainbow
• life “roles” played out in “theaters”
• archway model (graphic representation of the many determinants that compromise self-concept)