Assessment

Question 1

Type II error

Answer 1

failure to reject the null hypothesis–you think that there is no relationship when there actually is

Question 2

Type I error

Answer 2

rejected the null hypothesis when you shouldn’t have–you think there is a correlation when there isn’t

Question 3

cluster sampling

Answer 3

unit is NOT the individual–but naturally occurring groups of individuals
-clusters are selected randomly for the experiment (classrooms selected for an experiment, naturally occurring, but randomly selected)

Question 4

stratified sampling/proportional stratified sampling

Answer 4

randomly selecting the same proportion of individuals for the sample as they represent proportionally in the major subgroups in the population

Question 5

quantitative non-experimental designs

Answer 5

• survey: response rate is low–cautious to generalize
• descriptive: describes an existing state of events
• comparative: investigates whether there are differences between two or more groups (no manipulation of conditions experienced by each group)
• correlational: uses the correlation coefficient to determine the degree of relationship between 2 or more variable

Question 6

inductive research/deductive research

Answer 6

springs from theory—tries to determine what the relationships are between elements of the theory and may be experimental in nature

Question 7

Sociometry

Answer 7

measures the structure and organization of social groups–requires revealing personal feelings about others
-sociogram: figure/map showing the interrelationships or structure of the group

Question 8

Interests Tests

Answer 8

• Strong Interest Inventory
• Self-Directed Search
• Career Assessment Inventory
• Campbell Interests and Skills Survey
• O*Net Interest Profiler

Question 9

Personality Projective Tests

Answer 9

• Rorschach
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
• Draw a Person Test

Question 10

Personality Inventory Tests

Answer 10

• Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
• California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
• NEO Personality Inventory
• Beck Depression Inventory
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 11

Intelligence Tests

Answer 11

• Stanford-Benet Intelligence Scales
• Weschler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV)
• Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
• Cogitive Abilities Test

Question 12

Ipsatively interpreted

Answer 12

comparing the results on the test within the individual

• comparing a first test to a second
• comparing scores within different parts of the tests

Question 13

convergent validation/discriminant validation

Answer 13

occurs when there is no significant correlations between the construct under investigation and others

Question 14

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Answer 14

• confidence band/confidence limits
• helps determine the range within which an individuals test scores probably fall
• Score of 92, SEM=5.0
• 1 SD=67%=87-97
• 2 SD=95%=82-102

Question 15

True and Error Variance

Answer 15

• want to measure true variance–the actual psychological trait or characteristic
• the amount of the variance measured in common is the correlation squared (.90^2=81%)(coefficient of determination)

-coefficient of non determination is the error variance (19%)

Question 16

Kuder-Richardson formulas/Cronbach alpha coefficient

Answer 16

if it contains non dichotomous items (multiple choice)–cronbach alpha coefficient is applied

Question 17

Internal Consistency

Answer 17

• split-half method–test divided into two halves–correlation between two halves are calculated
• may apply the Spearman-Brown formula to see how reliable it would have been if you didn’t split it in half
• measuring inter-item consistency–the more homogenous the items, the more reliable the test

Question 18

Spearman-Brown formula

Answer 18

-rkk = k(r11) / [1 + (k – 1)* r11]

rkk = reliability of a test “k” times as long as the original test,
r11 = reliability of the original test(e.g. Cronbach’s Alpha),
k = factor by which the length of the test is changed.
To find k, divide the number of items on the original test by the number of items on the new test.
If you had 10 items on the original and 20 on the new,
k would be 20/10 = 2.

Question 19

stability/equivalence

Answer 19

• test-retest reliability–using the same instrument on both occasions, looking at how the results correlate–two weeks is a good amount of time between testings
• alternate forms of the same test, are given and then scores are correlated
• intervening events and experiences might interfere with this

Question 20

reliability

Answer 20

the extent to which a measure is free from error

• a correlation coefficient can be used
• if the reliability coefficient is high (.7), test scores have little error

Question 21

correlation coefficient

Answer 21

• ranges from -1 to 1
• perfectly negative to perfectly positive
• a correlation between two variables is called bivariate–between two or more are called multivariate
• tells you NOTHING about cause and effect

Question 22

t-scores

Answer 22

mean is 50

• SD is ten
• negative scores are eliminated

Question 23

z-scores

Answer 23

mean is 0
SD is 1
range is -3 to 3(?)
-z-scores = zero is the mean

Question 24

normal curve

Answer 24

scores are distributed into six equal parts (3 above the mean and 3 below the mean)

• 34% = 68% = 1 SD
• 13.5% = 95% = 2 SD
• 2% = 99% = 3 SD

Question 25

Variance

Answer 25

the square of SD

Question 26

standard deviation

Answer 26

the variability within a distribution of scores

-the mean of all the deviations from the mean

Question 27

negative skew

Answer 27

• lump of scores are on the high end—outliers are on the low end of x axis
• (from left to right): mean median mode

Question 28

Positive Skew

Answer 28

• lump of scores is on the low end–outliers are on the high end of the x-axis
• (from left to right): mode, median, mean