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Grad School > Career Counseling > Flashcards

Career Counseling Flashcards

1
Q

Who created Lifespan/Lifespace Theory?

A

Donald Super

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2
Q

Who created Trait Factor Theory (aka Theory of Types and Person/Environment Interactions)?

A

Holland

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3
Q

Who created the Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation?

A

Gottfriedson

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4
Q

Who created Learning Theory of Career Counseling?

A

Krumboltz

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5
Q

Who created the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)?

A

Lint, Brown, and Hackett

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6
Q

Who created Career Instruction Theory?

A

Savicka

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7
Q

Who created Cognitive Information Processing theory?

A

Peterson

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8
Q

Describe the influential factors of Krumboltz’s Learning Theory

A
  • Genetic Endowment/Special abilities
  • Environmental conditions/events
  • Instrumental & associative learning experiences
  • Task-approach skills
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9
Q

Describe the outcomes of factors of Krumboltz’s Learning Theory

A
  • Self observation generalizations
  • Worldview generalizations
  • Task approach skills
  • Actions
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10
Q

A counselor using Krumboltz’s Learning Theory will do what?

A
  • Expand client’s capabilities and interests
  • Prepare client for changing work tasks
  • Empower client to take action
  • Play a major role in dealing with all career problems
  • Learning to cope to any changes or setbacks
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11
Q

Describe the key concepts of Super’s Lifespan/Lifespace theory.

A
  • Theory is built on a variety of assumptions
  • There are 5 stages of the life span
  • Life Space
  • Life Roles
  • Self-Concept
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12
Q

What are some of the key assumptions of Super’s Lifespan/Lifespace theory?

A
  • People differ & change, causing career change
  • People are qualified for many different careers
  • Each career requires different abilities and traits
  • There are many reasons for career change
  • Coping depends on the individual’s ability to cope and adapt.
  • Career and personal satisfaction are linked (self-efficacy)
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13
Q

What are the stages of the life span?

A
  • Growth (4-13)
  • Exploration (14-24)
  • Establishment (25-45)
  • Maintenance (45-65)
  • Desengagement (65+)
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14
Q

What is life space?

A

People earn a living while living life - how important is work compared to life?

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15
Q

How does self concept play a role in career development?

A

People need to feel adequate and tend to search for jobs where they can succeed as well as jobs that feel like “themselves”. People try to choose a job that fits who they are.

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16
Q

Dealing with ethical issues and values, Herr and Niles (1988) stress awareness of all of the following except:

a. personal values.
b. the client’s values.
c. values being propagated at the national level.
d. values the client and clinician share.

A

d. values the client and clinician share.

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17
Q

In terms of legal and ethical issues, consultation is:

a. a valuable tool to avoid jail and lawsuits.
b. unnecessary, as counselors learn more than they need to know in their classes.
c. a strategy to avoid legal and ethical pitfalls.
d. not important if counselors can prove that they talked to somebody.

A

c. a strategy to avoid legal and ethical pitfalls.

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18
Q

Regarding medical ethics, Beauchamp and Childress (2001) address:

a. veracity, privacy, and confidentiality.
b. veracity, euthanasia, and fidelity.
c. privacy, malpractice, and fidelity.
d. confidentiality, licensing, and fidelity.

A

a. veracity, privacy, and confidentiality.

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19
Q

The internet can be used to provide career services to clients in all of the following ways except to:

a. deliver occupational information.
b. provide on-line searches of occupational databases.
c. eliminate the need for counselor support.
d. provide on-line job searches.

A

c. eliminate the need for counselor support.

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20
Q

Related to ethical codes,

a. malpractice is increased by the presence of so many sets of ethical codes.
b. malpractice is decreased by the presence of so many sets of ethical codes.
c. it would be desirable (according to the authors) to have one integrated set of ethical codes.
d. there are only two sets of codes that affect counselors.

A

c. it would be desirable (according to the authors) to have one integrated set of ethical codes.

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21
Q

When questions pertain to proper practice all of the following principles can be used to help career professionals identify appropriate behaviors except:

a. respectfulness
b. loyalty
c. self-awareness
d. integrity

A

b. loyalty

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22
Q

In research settings the federally required body to protect human subjects is the:

a. institutional review board.
b. judicial review board.
c. institutional subject board.
d. advisory and steering board for research.

A

a. institutional review board.

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23
Q

When a client’s concerns include depressive feelings, low self-esteem, and other serious mental health issues, career counselors should:

a. automatically refer the client to a competent mental health professional.
b. assess whether they can adequately deal with the problem at hand or should refer the client to another professional.
c. handle the case as they have been trained to do. d. assess what the client wants to work on.

A

b. assess whether they can adequately deal with the problem at hand or should refer the client to another professional.

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24
Q

Career development programs, initiatives, and interventions typically receive funding:

a. regardless of the relevant issues because educational bodies understand the importance of their pupils finding work.
b. based on their relative importance at the time.
c. based on their ability to put money back into the educational facility housing the program.
d. based on their size and strength relative to the facility housing the program.

A

b. based on their relative importance at the time.

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25
Q

State laws and ethical standards are congruent:

a. always.
b. rarely.
c. never.
d. not always.

A

d. not always.

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26
Q

The authors suggest a practitioner adequately address the issue of personal competence through:

a. continuous quality improvement.
b. continuing education.
c. competent referrals.
d. receiving objective consultation.

A

d. receiving objective consultation.

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27
Q

According to Kidder (1995), an “ethical dilemma” involves:

a. a decision between right and wrong.
b. instances when there are competing “rights” or there is a struggle to determine the “least bad” course of action.
c. a decision that can not be boiled down to right and wrong but involves the best choice to make.
d. instances when there are competing “truths” or there is a struggle to determine the best course of action.

A

b. instances when there are competing “rights” or there is a struggle to determine the “least bad” course of action.

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28
Q

Underlying all questions (and answers) related to ethical and legal behavior in career development interventions are:

a. legal statutes.
b. values clarifications.
c. moral opinions.
d. values assumptions.

A

d. values assumptions.

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29
Q

Compared to ethical codes or statutes, ethical principles:

a. are equally helpful.
b. are less helpful.
c. provide a more solid framework for decision making.
d. are less flexible and allow an individual to know exactly what to do in a given situation.

A

c. provide a more solid framework for decision making.

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30
Q

The 2 X 2 matrix used to classify career practitioners’ actions includes behavior that is:

a. right and wrong.
b. both moral and legal.
c. true and false.
d. legal and ethical.

A

d. legal and ethical.

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31
Q

T/F The more a person resembles any particular personality type, the less likely it is that the person will manifest the behaviors and traits associated with that type.

A

False

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32
Q

Differentiation is the degree to which persons and environments resemble the six types. Lack of differentiation can result from:

a. poor decision-making skills
b. lack of exposure to multiple environments
c. multipotentiality
d. All of the above.

A

d. All of the above.

33
Q

The goal of trait and factor approach to career counseling is to:

a. find a job for a person.
b. identify areas of one’s life that have affeced the success or failure on a previous job andnot make the same mistake again.
c. seek support and possibly refer an individual to a more skilled professional or an employment agency.
d. identify the degree of fit between the person and the occupation.

A

d. identify the degree of fit between the person and the occupation.

34
Q

Parson’s tripartite model for vocational direction developed into the approach to career development interventions known as:

a. trait-and-factor
b. developmental stage model
c. cognitive behavioral
d. values-based career decision making

A

a. trait-and-factor

35
Q

In Holland’s model, the degree of relatedness within types, such that simliar types are located next to each other and have more in common, is a concept called:

a. congruence.
b. circumscription.
c. adaptability.
d. consistency.

A

d. consistency.

36
Q

T/F: In Holland’s theory, consistency describes the degree of relatedness among the six types.

A

True

37
Q

Which one below is NOT one of the six types in Holland’s theory?

a. investigative
b. analytic
c. artistic
d. enterprising

A

b. analytic

38
Q

In terms of Holland’s theory, congruence describes the degree of fit between an individual’s personality type and that of his or her:

a. parents.
b. current boss.
c. current or prospective work environment.
d. siblings.

A

c. current or prospective work environment.

39
Q

T/F: Vocational identity is defined as the possession of a clear and stable picture of
one’s goals, interests, and talent.

A

True

40
Q

Holland’s theory contains the following key assumptions:

a. individuals can be categorized as one of six types
b. people search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities and express their attitudes and values
c. a person’s behavior is determined by interaction between their personality and environment
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

41
Q

Social cognitive theory focuses closely on:

a. addressing performance attainments and persistence in overcoming obstacles.
b. career advancement and persistence in overcoming obstacles.
c. career flexibility and persistence in the job search.
d. performance related evaluation and persistence in overcoming external constraints.

A

a. addressing performance attainments and persistence in overcoming obstacles.

42
Q

Krumboltz proposes to use indecision in the counseling process as:

a. a desirable quality that motivates clients to seek alternative jobs elsewhere.
b. a negative quality that motivates clients to engage in new learning experiences.
c. a desirable quality that motivates clients to engage in new learning experiences.
d. a negative quality that motivates clients to stick to their present situation.

A

c. a desirable quality that motivates clients to engage in new learning experiences.

43
Q

The function of the executive processing domain in the cognitive information processing approach is to:

a. streamline storage of information and make it more efficient.
b. initiate, coordinate, and monitor the storage and retrieval of information.
c. monitor the retrieval of information. d. expand the storage of information.

A

b. initiate, coordinate, and monitor the storage and retrieval of information.

44
Q

In the Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making, their are ____ factors that influence career decisions.

a. six
b. four
c. three
d. eight

A

b. four

45
Q

In the cognitive information-processing pyramid,

a. decision-making skills and metacognitions form the foundation; knowledge of self and occupations build upon it.
b. knowledge of self and others form the foundation; decision-making skills and cognitions build upon it.
c. knowledge of self and occupations form the foundation; decision-making skills and metacognitions build upon it.
d. knowledge of self and occupations form the foundation; job-hunting and interviewing build upon it.

A

c. knowledge of self and occupations form the foundation; decision-making skills and metacognitions build upon it.

46
Q

T/F: SCCT highlights self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and personal goals.

A

True

47
Q

The sources that shape self-efficacy beliefs include:

a. external learning and physiological states and reactions.
b. personal performance accomplishments and internal learning. c. internal learning and social persuasion.
d. vicarious learning and social persuasion.

A

d. vicarious learning and social persuasion.

48
Q

According to Krumboltz, career concerns are least likely to arise from:

a. the absence of a goal (career indecision).
b. expressed feelings of concern about high aspirations (unrealism).
c. conflict between equally appropriate alternatives (multipotentiality).
d. a presence of too many goals (indecisiveness).

A

d. a presence of too many goals

49
Q

T/F: The cognitive information processing model extends the three factor Parsonian model for making career choices by incorporating cognitive information processing

A

True

50
Q

All of the following are true for effective career centers except that they need to:

a. have computers, software, and Internet connections.
b. be located in a central, easy-to-find place.
c. be organized in some meaningful way.
d. be staffed by a certified counselor.

A

d. be staffed by a certified counselor.

51
Q

T/F: There is a high relationship between an individual’s decision-making style and his or her ability to make good use of data sources.

A

True

52
Q

When selecting a computer-based system, counselors and their administrators should consider the:

a. theoretical base, if any, of the system.
b. quality and comprehensiveness of the databases. c. presence of online inventories.
d. all of the above.

A

d. all of the above.

53
Q

Which of the following describes a career planning tool, created by the client that they develop and maintain over time?

a. e-portfolio
b. cybercounseling
c. assessment system d. CACGS

A

a. e-portfolio

54
Q

DISCOVER is a good example of a:

a. career information system.
b. career planning system.
c. virtual career center.
d. system supported by cybercounseling.

A

b. career planning system.

55
Q

The most difficult part of helping people make a vocational choice or change is:

a. interpreting the assessment you give them.
b. finding good sources of career information.
c. helping them process the data and make a choice.
d. dealing with their lack of motivation.

A

c. helping them process the data and make a choice.

56
Q

T/F: When students or clients say they need help with career planning, there may beother needs or concerns present that a computer cannot discern.

A

True

57
Q

The primary player in setting ethical guidelines for cybercounseling is/are the:

a. American Counseling Association.
b. National Career Development Association.
c. National Board for Certified Counselors.
d. the three organizations above.

A

d. the three organizations above.

58
Q

Research about the use of computer-based systems indicates that:

a. there is no need for counselor assistance in addition to computer use.
b. the use of computer-based systems is actually harmful to clients.
c. the best gains are made by a client when technology and counselor support are combined.
d. they are much more effective with males than with females.

A

c. the best gains are made by a client when technology and counselor support are combined.

59
Q

The website called O*Net is a replacement for the former Department of Labor publication:

a. The Occupational Outlook Handbook
b. The Guide to Occupational Exploration
c. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles
d. The Classification of Instructional Programs

A

c. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles

60
Q

The most comprehensive Department of Labor website for occupational information is called:

a. Monster Board
b. America’s Talent Bank
c. America’s Job Bank
d. CareerInfoNet

A

d. CareerInfoNet

61
Q

The term crosswalking refers to:

a. updating databases.
b. linking related databases.
c. accessing databases.
d. exporting databases.

A

b. linking related databases.

62
Q

T/F: The most definitive source of occupational infomration is the U.S. Department of Labor.

A

True

63
Q

All of the following are strong assets of a computer-based system except the capability to:

a. provide instruction.
b. identify whether the user can profit from its use.
c. administer and interpret inventories and tests. d. keep a record of use.

A

b. identify whether the user can profit from its use.

64
Q

Of the various types of deciders described by Dinklage, the type most likely to have the easiest time making a vocational choice is the:

a. paralytic.
b. fatalistic.
c. planful.
d. painful.

A

c. planful.

65
Q

Evaluation of career planning services must be closely tied to

a. budget.
b. methods of delivery.
c. measurable objectives.
d. target population.

A

c. measurable objectives.

66
Q

Where it is problematic in a school setting to get dedicated time to deliver career planning services, perhaps the best single approach is to

a. infuse them into existing curriculum.
b. give students take-home self-help materials.
c. include after-school meetings with students.
d. schedule evening meetings with students and parents.

A

a. infuse them into existing curriculum.

67
Q

Purposes for writing measurable objectives include:

a. defining the benchmarks for evaluation.
b. requiring the program dsigner to specify desired outcomes.
c. determining the content of the program.
d. all of the above.

A

d. all of the above.

68
Q

A target population is a group

a. used as a focus group.
b. designated to receive services.
c. designated not to receive services.
d. that will serve as an advisory board.

A

b. designated to receive services.

69
Q

Stakeholders are persons who

a. provide career planning services.
b. are affected in any way by services or programs.
c. are always positive about your services or programs.
d. collaborate in the delivery of career planning services.

A

b. are affected in any way by services or programs.

70
Q

T/F: When developing methods to collect data for use in evaluation, it is important to determine the indicators or behaviors that program participants should exhibit if desired outcomes have been reached.

A

True

71
Q

Using a pre/post assessment for evaluation implies that you are expecting

a. people to be more honest when they complete it the second time.
b. some change in a positive direction as a result of your services.
c. the results of the first assessment to be inaccurate.
d. some change in a negative direction as a result of your services.

A

b. some change in a positive direction as a result of your services.

72
Q

After completion of a first delivery of some career planning service, it is expected that

a. there would be no need for revision of any aspect.
b. objectives, content, and/or methods of delivery might be revised.
c. no evaluation would be necessary.
d. no promotion efforts would be needed for the next delivery.

A

b. objectives, content, and/or methods of delivery might be revised.

73
Q

T/F: If there are three measurable objectives, there should always be three different evaluation instruments to measure their accomplishment.

A

False

74
Q

In the role of advocacy, counselors:

a. design services.
b. deliver services.
c. evaluate services.
d. convince stakeholders of the importance of services.

A

d. convince stakeholders of the importance of services.

75
Q

T/F: The National Career Development Guidelines can serve as a good skeleton for program development.

A

True

76
Q

Of the following, the most easily measured objective is

a. …will be able to understand how occupations are organized.
b. …will be able to explain how occupations are organized.
c. …given the titles of 18 occupations, will be able to sort them correctly into six clusters. d. …will be able to apply organizational skills to sorting occupational titles.

A

c. …given the titles of 18 occupations, will be able to sort them correctly into six clusters.

77
Q

The first step in planning an evaluation is to

a. organize data in ways that will answer specific evaluative questions.
b. identify the best ways that will answer specific evaluative questions. c. determine the indicators of success in meeting objectives.
d. determine specific measurable objectives of the services.

A

d. determine specific measurable objectives of the services.

78
Q

If the purpose of evaluation is to improve career planning services, you would choose the kind of evaluation known as

a. formative.
b. summative.
c. formal. d. informal.

A

a. formative.

79
Q

If some planners of the evaluation are pleased with the results but others are not, it is probable that

a. the evaluation design is flawed.
b. different stakeholders have different desired outcomes.
c. the data have been incorrectly reported.
d. objectives were not measured systematically.

A

b. different stakeholders have different desired outcomes.

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